Identifying Themes of Right-Wing Extremism in Hindutva Discourse on Twitter

Abstract

Hindutva, the core political ideology of India’s current ruling party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), seeks to transform constitutionally secular India into a Hindu Rashtra (“Hindu nation”). Although Hindutva has all of the features of right-wing extremism (RWE), it is nevertheless viewed as an insular sociopolitical phenomenon, due to the Eurocentric nature of RWE discourse. Recent theoretical and analytical research has sought to showcase the similarity between RWE and Hindutva, but empirical research on their relationship has been largely absent. To fill this gap, in our study, we collected 15 million tweets and used network analysis to identify prominent themes of RWE—including exclusionary nationalism, conspiracy theories, and anti-minority violence and hate speech—among the supporters of Hindutva and the BJP. Furthermore, in our toxicity analysis (performed to understand which themes produced higher levels of toxicity), we found that Hindi-language tweets related to conspiracy theories and anti-minority violence or hate speech were more toxic than English-language tweets. Given that the growing global presence and normalization of RWE-based ideas and movements are sources of concern for everyone invested in the idea of liberal democratic society, our research broadens the discussion on RWE to include the Indian context and invites researchers to further investigate Hindutva from the perspective of RWE.

Exploring Conspiracist Populism in Power: The Case of Kais Saied in Tunisia

“…At the same time, the strengthening of a specific group identity revolving around a narrow interpretation thereof-based, for instance, on religion, ethnicity, or culture-might foster the adoption of exclusionary politics (Müller 2017). Antiminority violence and exclusionary politics as a consequence of conspiracist populism in power can be seen in India, where the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India's current ruling party, has conjured and spread various conspiracy theories against Muslims, who suffer from increasing social exclusion and violent attacks (Ghasiya et al 2023).…”