Identity and Spirituality: Conventional and Transpersonal Perspectives

Spirituality, shifting identities and social change: Cases from the Kalahari landscape

“…Our research subscribes to the idea that spirituality is considered inseparable from identity (MacDonald 2009;Wilber 2000). Considering the influences of modernisation and globalisation, identity is considered 'pluralised', dynamic and constructed (Hall 1992(Hall , 1997Nicholson 2009b).…”

Spiritual identity, stakeholder attributes, and family business workplace spirituality stakeholder salience

“…As a part of this swelling interest, attention to the relationship between spirituality and identity has also increased (e.g. Zinnbauer et al 1997, Hill et al 2000, Wink and Dillon 2002, Poll and Smith 2003, Kiesling et al 2006, Macdonald 2009). The importance of spirituality in social science research was first acknowledged by classical social theorists such as Comte, Reference Definition Tart (1975, p. 4) "The vast realm of human potential with ultimate purposes, with higher entities, with God, with life, with compassion, and with purpose" McKnight (1984, p. 142) "The animating force that inspires one toward purposes that are beyond one's self and that give one's life meaning and direction" Shafranske and Gorsuch (1984, p. 231) "A transcendent dimension within human experience … discovered in moments in which the individual questions the meaning of personal existence and attempts to place the self within a broader ontological context" Mauritzen (1988, p. 118) "The human dimension that transcends the biological, psychological, and social aspects of living" Elkins et al (1988, p. 10) "A way of being and experiencing that comes about through awareness of a transcendent dimension and that is characterized by certain identifiable values in regard to self, life, and whatever one considers to be the ultimate" Benner (1989, p. 20) "Our response to a deep and mysterious human yearning for self-transcendence and surrender, a yearning to find our place" Schneiders (1989, p. 684) "The experience of consciously striving to integrate one's life in terms not of isolation and self-absorption but of self-transcendence toward the ultimate value one perceives" Dale (1991, p. 5) "That attraction and movement of the human person toward the divine" Emblen (1992, p. 45) "A personal life principle which animates a transcendent quality of relationships with God" Roof (1993, p. 64) "Spirituality gives expression to the being that is in us, it has to do with feelings, with the power that comes from within, with knowing our deepest selves and what is sacred to us, with, as Matthew Fox says, '"heartknowledge.'""…”

“…Poll and Smith 2003, Kiesling et al 2006, MacDonald 2009 Delbecq (1999, p. 345) "The unique and personal inner experience of the search for the fullest personal development through participation into the transcendent mystery" Barnett et al (1999, p. 563) "A process of self-enlightenment … [regarding] innermost sources of energy … deepest personal values, a sense of … transcendent purpose in life" Emmons (2000) "The personal expression of ultimate concern" Lewis and Geroy (2000, p. 684) "The inner experience of the individual when he or she senses a beyond, especially evidence by the effect of this experience on his or her behavior when he or she actively attempts to harmonize his or her life with the beyond" Bierly et al (2000, p. 605) "Moral and emotional in nature, which involves an understanding and appreciation of one's potion in the universe, one's soul, and the role of a God" Hill et al (2000, p. 68) "'Subjective feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that arise from a search for the sacred", which is referred to as "a divine being, divine object, ultimate reality, or Ultimate Truth as perceived by the individual" ' Nash and McLennan (2001, p. 17) "'Access to the sacred force that impels life"' Hart and Brady (2005, p. 411) "'Self-awareness regarding one's basic psychological nature" -from a decidedly archetypical perspective'…”

“…Selftranscendence: "includes components such as creative self-forgetfulness, transpersonal identification, and spiritual acceptance" (p. 85). Self sacrifice: "… the total/partial abandonment, and or permanent/temporary postponement of personal interests, privileges, and welfare" (p. 86) Content and structure Macdonald (2009) "Three levels of spirituality with spiritual experience and religiousness comprising 'primary' spirituality (i.e. core causal factors that extend beyond the psychological sense of self but influence its formation and functioning), spiritual and paranormal beliefs making up 'ego structural' spirituality (i.e.…”

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“…As such, it was less burdensome for us to create a Spanish adaptation of the test. Second, both the ESI and ESI-R have been used fairly extensively in research and have been shown to be useful for theory development, test validation, and the exploration of the relation of spirituality to psychological and social functioning (e.g., Affeldt & MacDonald, 2010;Huber & MacDonald, 2012;Kassab & MacDonald, 2011;MacDonald, 2009;Mendez & MacDonald, 2012;Saucier & Skrzypinska, 2006). Third, the ESI-R has been studied in different cultures and support has been found for its reliability and validity (e.g., MacDonald et al, 2015;Muhamad, Roodenburg, & Moore, 2014;Proyer & Laub, 2015).…”