“…Brand management scholars conceptualized brand identity in general, and the identity of a place, specifically, in multiple, sometimes confusing and contradictory, ways (Skinner, 2008). Nevertheless, most researchers identified the personality of a brand as one building block of brand identity (Aaker, 1996; Burmann et al, 2017; De Chernatony, 1999; Greyser and Urde, 2019), and this has also been confirmed in the context of places (Taecharungroj, 2019). There is also the common understanding that residents are important ambassadors of a place, which implies that the personality of a place brand or city brand is dependent on the people living in that city.…”