This article argues for the development of a critical folklore studies through an interweaving of folklore and rhetorical theory. Following paths set by Roger Abrahams, Kenneth Burke, and Antonio Gramsci decades ago, and drawing upon more recent contributions by Ernesto Laclau and rhetorical critics, it considers folklore as a constitutive rhetoric, the act of which establishes a "folk"-and their adversaries-as a political category. Identifying three articulations of critical folklore studies, it calls upon folklorists to intervene against (rather than strictly analyze) oppressive power formations through the production of overt criticism and related counterhegemonic practices. In her contribution to the special issue of the Journal of American Folklore, "Common Ground: Keywords for the Study of Expressive Culture," Dorothy Noyes suggests for folklorists a remarkable task. "We must still deal with that problem," she writes, "of how an 'imagined community' can be worth dying for; unhappily, we must also understand how it can be worth killing for" (1995:466). More than a decade later, and with the global stage no less fraught with confrontation, her call remains strikingly relevant. If folklore-its performance, exhibition, and analysis-faces a crisis today, it may lie not simply in questions of its academic survival but in its critical contribution to the politics of interpretation and in addressing issues of conflict and power. And while many folklorists have urged our community in the recent past to move toward a deeper examination of the communicative maneuvers by which folklore informs political identities and hegemonic and hierarchical social orders, we have not done so by drawing a significantly closer relationship with a related field of research that has long addressed these concerns: rhetorical studies. This article will pursue such a collaboration in order to take seriously Noyes's lament, and Giovanna P. Del Negro and Harris M. Berger's exhortation to "embark upon a critical inquiry into the ways in which everydayness, expressivity, and practice itself are constructed by us and by the people and texts we study" (2004:22). Forty years ago, Roger Abrahams (1968a, 1968b) first presented an argument for an alliance between folklore and rhetorical studies. He renewed this position in his latest book, Everyday Life: A Poetics of Vernacular Practices, which analyzes and makes a case