Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a rare cause of primary amenorrhoea in adolescence—a review and update on diagnosis, management and advances in genetic understanding.

Abstract

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) refers to a family of genetic disorders that affect the production and/or action of gonadotropic-releasing hormone, resulting in reduced serum levels of sex steroids. This condition has a prevalence of 1–10 cases/100 000 births and is characterised by the absence of spontaneous pubertal development. In women, the condition is characterised by the onset of normal adrenarche, with the absence of thelarche and menarche. Pubertal induction for breast development and uterine growth with oestradiol, and sequential maintenance of a normal menstrual cycle and adequate oestrogen for bone health, with an oestrogen and progesterone, is considered first-line treatment. Pregnancy can be achieved in patients who have received and responded to treatment with ovulation induction with exogenous gonadotrophins. Advances in genetic testing have led to increased research and understanding of the underlying genetics of IHH with gene mutations described in up to 50% of all IHH cases.

Epigenetics of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: Molecular Mimicry between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and KISSR

“…9 Clinically, the present data (1) lead to the inclusion of the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism syndrome among the SARS-CoV-2-related disorders that collectively form the coronavirus disease 2019 diseasome and (2) permit to catalog as autoimmune a syndrome until now defined idiopathic. 3,27,28…”