“…While communications systems and standards have been developed to use TVWS [11][12][13][14][15][16][17], but rollouts have been few, like those in the United Kingdom (UK) [18][19][20], the United States (US), Singapore [21,22], the Philippines [23,24] and have not been compared. This paper aims to compare the implementations of TVWS among different nations, particularly in Singapore, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, and the Philippines.…”