IEEE 802.22/802.22.3 Cognitive Radio Standards: Theory to Implementation

Mody, Apurva N.; Saha, Anindya; Reede, Ivan; Miele, Gianfranco; Cerro, Gianni

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1389-8_54-1

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…On the other side, IEEE 802.22 is a CR-based standard for a wireless regional network using white spaces in the television (VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands) frequency spectrum between 54 and 862 MHz, potentially at the 1300 to 1750 MHz and 2700 to 3700 MHz where regulations allow [ 21 ]. This development is aimed at using CR techniques to allow the sharing of a geographically unused spectrum allocated for TV (white space) without causing interference.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

LoRaCog: A Protocol for Cognitive Radio-Based LoRa Network

Salika

Nasser

Mroue³

et al. 2022

Sensors

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In this paper, we propose a new protocol called LoRaCog to introduce the concept of Cognitive Radio (CR) in the LoRa network. LoRaCog will enable access to a wider spectrum than that of LoRaWAN by using the unutilized spectrum and thus has better efficiency without impacting the end devices’ battery consumption. LoRa networks are managed by LoRaWAN protocol and operate on the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. LoRaWAN is one of thriving protocols for Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) implemented for the Internet of Things (IoT). With the growing demand for IoT, the unlicensed spectrum is expected to be congested, unlike the licensed spectrum, which is not fully utilized. This can be fairly balanced by applying CR to the LoRa network, where the End Devices (EDs) may change the operating channel opportunistically over the free/available licensed spectrum. Spectrum sensing, channel selection and channel availability relevance become essential features to be respected by the proposed protocol. The main objective of adding CR to LoRaWAN is reducing the congestion and maintaining LoRaWAN’s suitability for battery-operated devices. This is achieved by modifying LoRaWAN components such as the ED receive window RX2 rearrangement, spectrum sensing functionality by gateway (GW) for identifying unused channels, and reaching a decision on the unused channels by network server (NS). These changes will create LoRaCog meeting spectrum efficiency and maintain the same level of battery consumption as in LoRaWAN. Numerical simulations show a significant decrease in the rejected packet rate (more than 50%) with LoRaCog when more EDs use cognitive channels. As the results prove, LoRaWAN can reach above 50% rejected packets for the simulated environment versus 24% rejection for LoRaCog using only one additional channel (means total two channels). This means that the system can eliminate rejected packets almost completely when operating over the possible many channels. As well, these results show the flexibility in the system to utilize the available frequencies in an efficient and fair way. The results also reveal that a lower number of GWs is needed for LoRaCog from LoRaWAN to cover the same area.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%