IEEE Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz

Board, Ieee Standards

doi:10.1109/ieeestd.1992.101091

Cited by 61 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 268 publications

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“…According to that analysis, the peak SAR in the heart of male rats was 2.7 decibels (dB) higher than the wholebody SAR [58]. This difference of 2.7 dB between heart and whole-body SAR is much smaller than the 20-fold difference between localized and whole-body SAR assumed in the 1980s publications [39,40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The application of an additional ten-fold (10X) children's health factor suggests a limit of 0.2-0.4 mW/kg whole body SAR for young children population and greater sensitivity of children. The localized SAR limit of 1.6 W/kg was defined by multiplying the whole-body SAR limit of 0.08 W/kg by a factor of twenty [39,40]. In the historical context of 1980s discussions of allowable exposure limits for occupational and general public exposures, the concept of a 20-fold increase of peak SAR relative to the whole-body SAR was based on the view that increase in tissue temperature was the main effect of radiofrequency radiation [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With a continuously growing variety of RFR sources in the everyday environment and drastically increased intensity of daily exposure to RFR from personal wireless devices and from short-and long-range sources such as Wi-Fi routers, cell phone towers, and small cell transmitters, the question of safe exposure levels for the public, especially children, is urgent and important. In the U.S., general population exposure standards for RFR were set by the Federal Communications Commission in 1996 based on studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s in which behavior changes were observed in laboratory animals exposed to RFR for the duration of minutes to hours [2,39,40]. For the frequency range of 100 kHz to 6 GHz, the U.S. standards define the legally allowable exposures in terms of Specific Absorption Rate, or SAR, which refers to the relative amount of energy absorbed by biological tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of health-based exposure limits for radiofrequency radiation from wireless devices using a benchmark dose approach

Uche

Naidenko

2021

Environ Health

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Background Epidemiological studies and research on laboratory animals link radiofrequency radiation (RFR) with impacts on the heart, brain, and other organs. Data from the large-scale animal studies conducted by the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the Ramazzini Institute support the need for updated health-based guidelines for general population RFR exposure. Objectives The development of RFR exposure limits expressed in whole-body Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), a metric of RFR energy absorbed by biological tissues. Methods Using frequentist and Bayesian averaging modeling of non-neoplastic lesion incidence data from the NTP study, we calculated the benchmark doses (BMD) that elicited a 10% response above background (BMD10) and the lower confidence limits on the BMD at 10% extra risk (BMDL10). Incidence data for individual neoplasms and combined tumor incidence were modeled for 5% and 10% response above background. Results Cardiomyopathy and increased risk of neoplasms in male rats were the most sensitive health outcomes following RFR exposures at 900 MHz frequency with Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) modulations. BMDL10 for all sites cardiomyopathy in male rats following 19 weeks of exposure, calculated with Bayesian model averaging, corresponded to 0.27–0.42 W/kg whole-body SAR for CDMA and 0.20–0.29 W/kg for GSM modulation. BMDL10 for right ventricle cardiomyopathy in female rats following 2 years of exposure corresponded to 2.7–5.16 W/kg whole-body SAR for CDMA and 1.91–2.18 W/kg for GSM modulation. For multi-site tumor modeling using the multistage cancer model with a 5% extra risk, BMDL5 in male rats corresponded to 0.31 W/kg for CDMA and 0.21 W/kg for GSM modulation. Conclusion BMDL10 range of 0.2—0.4 W/kg for all sites cardiomyopathy in male rats was selected as a point of departure. Applying two ten-fold safety factors for interspecies and intraspecies variability, we derived a whole-body SAR limit of 2 to 4 mW/kg, an exposure level that is 20–40-fold lower than the legally permissible level of 0.08 W/kg for whole-body SAR under the current U.S. regulations. Use of an additional ten-fold children’s health safety factor points to a whole-body SAR limit of 0.2–0.4 mW/kg for young children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of health-based exposure limits for radiofrequency radiation from wireless devices using a benchmark dose approach

Uche

Naidenko

2021

Environ Health

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“…The maximum SAR was 702 W/kg, distributed near the antenna’s location. The default input power to the antenna for this simulation was 1 W. According to IEEE C95.1–1999 standard, which specifies the limitation of 1 g average SAR value to be 1.6 W/kg [ 20 ], the delivered power of this proposed antenna should be constrained within 2.27 mW.…”

Section: Parametric Study and Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Novel Compact MICS Band PIFA Antenna for Implantable Biotelemetry Applications

Huang

Mahmoud

et al. 2022

Sensors

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An implantable stacked planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for biotelemetric communication in the 402–405 MHz Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) frequency band is designed and fabricated. With the proposed PIFA structure, a slot on each radiating patch was embedded, resulting in a size reduction of 0.013 λ and a compact size of 10 × 10 × 1.905 mm3. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments verified the simulation performance with characteristics of −10 dB bandwidth of 29 MHz, radiation efficiency of 0.9%, and a maximum far-field gain of −18.8 dB. We calculated the safety power delivered to the antenna using the specific absorption rate (SAR) limitation standard. Compared to other implantable antennas for biotelemetry, this antenna performs comparably and has a smaller size. This design would further develop implantable medical devices that communicate in the MICS band.

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“…Guidelines for human protection from electromagnetic field exposure are provided by either the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) [7,8] or IEEE safety standard [9,10]. The risk assessment for a human body exposed to a WPT system requires the calculation of the induced quantities in the human body, and compliance of the result with chosen international guidelines is to be checked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating human exposure to a practical wireless power transfer system using and the effect about key parameters of dosimetry

Park

2020

PLoS ONE

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Accurate dosimetry for a real wireless power transfer system (WPT) using electromagnetic resonance and electromagnetic induction requires an accurate description of the field formed by the system. In particular, the electromagnetic field depends on factors such as the construction of the transmitting and receiving coils, the circuit configuration, the input source of the front end of the transmitting coil, and the input impedance of the rear end of receiving coil. However, both circuit and electromagnetic simulations need to be performed to analyze the entire system, which is a difficult task. In order to overcome this difficulty, a method using an equivalent circuit model is proposed and verified through experiments. Moreover, the worst exposure condition to a magnetic field was examined by considering three variables: the charging mode, the state of charge, and the alignment and misalignment between the transmitting and receiving coils. Accordingly, the strongest magnetic field was created in the constant current mode in the fully charged state with misalignment. For example, the magnetic field strength in the case of 80% state of charge and misalignment was 1.397 times greater than in the case of 20% state of charge and alignment at a point 10 mm from the transmission pad. Finally, the induced electric fields and induced current densities were calculated by using a Japanese adult male whole-body voxel human model, and the results were compared with the values recommended by international guidelines to ascertain their compliance.

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IEEE Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz

Cited by 61 publications

References 268 publications

Development of health-based exposure limits for radiofrequency radiation from wireless devices using a benchmark dose approach

Development of health-based exposure limits for radiofrequency radiation from wireless devices using a benchmark dose approach

Design of a Novel Compact MICS Band PIFA Antenna for Implantable Biotelemetry Applications

Investigating human exposure to a practical wireless power transfer system using and the effect about key parameters of dosimetry

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