Iga Vasculitis And COVID-19 In Children: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Immunoglobulin A vasculitis is the most common form of vasculitis in children. The diagnosis is made clinically and patients will present with a rash, together with gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and renal system involvement. Progress in the classification of the systemic vasculitides has facilitated better understanding of the pathogenesis underlying these inflammatory conditions. Over the past year, several cases of IgA vasculitis have been reported in both children and adults in association with SARS-CoV2 infection, raising the question of whether there is any causal or even a synergistic association.Methods: This systematic review was performed following the guidelines of Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, SciELO and Google Scholar using the search terms “COVID-19” or “SARS-CoV-2" in combination with “IgA vasculitis”, or “Henoch-Schonlein Purpura”. We considered articles to be eligible for inclusion if they reported a case report or series of cases of IgA vasculitis associated with proven COVID-19 infection. We excluded cases from further review if the case reported was a patient older than 18 years. WHO causality assessment categories were used to standardize case causality. Results: After reviewing the complete article and applying our exclusion criteria, 12 articles describing 12 cases of COVID-19 associated IgA vasculitis in children were included. In 83% of the cases the diagnosis of COVID-19 was made on presentation of IgA vasculitis symptoms or on presentation to seek medical care. In 17% of cases the SARS Cov-2 test was positive before IgA vasculitis symptoms presentation. The mean age of the patients was 7.3 years of age (SD ±4.8). Male to female ratio was 3:1. Out of the 12 patients, 6 presented 2/4 criteria for IgA vasculitis and 6 presented 3/4 criteria. None presented 4/4 criteria.Conclusions: During the pandemic, several autoimmune phenomena have been described to co-occur with or following COVID-19. The exact role of COVID-19 in the development of these IgA-related diseases is still being explored. Our review of case series and case reports with standardized causality assessment identified 12 cases of IgA vasculitis associated with and/or in the context of COVID-19 infection in children.

Immunoglobulin A vasculitis in a child: Secondary to COVID‐19 or cystic fibrosis?

“…It is known that some respiratory tract infections, vaccines, and malignancies play a role in the etiology of IgA vasculitis. 2 In the literature, several case reports of IgA vasculitis associated with COVID‐19 have been reported, 3 but the pathogenesis is unclear. Mucosal infections can trigger interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) production, which stimulates weak glycosylation/galactosylation of IgA1 and causes immune complex formation.SARS‐CoV‐2, like other infections, may have caused IgA vasculitis by this mechanism.…”

“…It is known that some respiratory tract infections, vaccines, and malignancies play a role in the etiology of IgA vasculitis. 2 In the literature, several case reports of IgA vasculitis associated with COVID-19 have been reported, 3 but the pathogenesis is unclear.…”