II. To Sir J[ohn] D[anvers]

Herbert, George; Hutchinson, Francis E.

doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00014118

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Since their discovery in the 1960s, [1] Li-S batteries have been considered promising for powering portable electronics. However, research ceased in the 1990s with the triumph of Liion batteries (LIBs), [2][3][4][5][6] which have more stable electrochemistry and longer lifespan.…”

Section: History Of the Lithium-sulfur Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemistry, Materials, and Prospects

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

With the increasing demand for efficient and economic energy storage, Li-S batteries have become attractive candidates for the next-generation high-energy rechargeable Li batteries because of their high theoretical energy density and cost effectiveness. Starting from a brief history of Li-S batteries, this Review introduces the electrochemistry of Li-S batteries, and discusses issues resulting from the electrochemistry, such as the electroactivity and the polysulfide dissolution. To address these critical issues, recent advances in Li-S batteries are summarized, including the S cathode, Li anode, electrolyte, and new designs of Li-S batteries with a metallic Li-free anode. Constructing S molecules confined in the conductive microporous carbon materials to improve the cyclability of Li-S batteries serves as a prospective strategy for the industry in the future.

show abstract

Section: History Of the Lithium-sulfur Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemistry, Materials, and Prospects

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[ 31 ] Further S 2 intercalation into RGO will form S intercalated graphite compounds. [1][2][3] In addition to its high theoretical energy density, S is inexpensive, abundant on earth, and environmentally benign. However, the S 2 molecules deposited on the external surface and the edges of RGO interlayer may recombine to form cyclo-S 8 when the temperature is cooling down from 600 °C to room temperature.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201400482mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Sulfur Reduction and Intercalation of Graphite Oxides for Li‐S Battery Cathodes

Zheng

Yang

Zhu

et al. 2014

Advanced Energy Materials

129

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

S and edge-opened graphite oxide, chemical reduction of graphene oxide and deposition of S. [23][24][25] Because the S in these graphene-S composites is not completely encapsulated by graphene, the polysulfi de intermediates still slowly dissolve into electrolyte resulting in progressive cycling decay. The ideal structure for the carbon-S composites is to intercalate S atoms or molecules into a graphite interlayer to form S intercalated graphite compounds, thus maximizing S loading and minimizing the dissolution of polysulfi des. However, only a small amount of S can be intercalated into graphite even under the conditions of high pressure and/or high temperature due to small layer spacing (planar distance ≈0.34 nm). [ 26 ] Because of the large interlayer distance, expanded graphite has been investigated as host to embed S. The expanded graphiteembedded sulfur nanocomposites were normally synthesized by two-step reactions: thermal reduction of graphite oxides in H 2 /Ar at a high temperature (450 °C) and fl owed by S meltdiffusion at a low temperature of ≈155 °C. [ 27,28 ] Since S vapor can reduce graphite oxide (GO) at a high temperature, in this work we report a novel one-step method to synthesize S intercalated graphite by S in situ reducing GO and intercalating into the reduced graphite oxide (RGO) under vacuum at 600 °C. Figure 1 schematically depicts the preparation process of the RGO/S composite. At room temperature, sulfur exists mainly in the form of cyclooctasulfur (S 8 ), as heating the mixture of graphite oxide and S 8 to 600 °C, the large molecule S 8 will be broken into smaller chain species S 2 . [ 29,30 ] Due to the large interplanar distance of GO, these S 2 molecules can intercalate into GO to deoxygenate GO and form SO 2 gas. [ 31 ] Further S 2 intercalation into RGO will form S intercalated graphite compounds. By manipulating the interlayer distance of graphite oxide through controlling the degree of oxidation of graphite, [ 32 ] the S intercalation level can be maximized. However, the S 2 molecules deposited on the external surface and the edges of RGO interlayer may recombine to form cyclo-S 8 when the temperature is cooling down from 600 °C to room temperature. Due to the high solubility of CS 2 to S 8 , the surface S 8 can be removed using CS 2 solvent at ease. Here, we demonstrate that the RGO/S composites with 52% S loading show high capacities and long cycling stabilities. The CS 2 -wash treatment can further enhance the cycling stability of RGO/S composites. Almost no capacity decline can be observed for CS 2 -washed RGO/S composites in 225 cycles. Figure 2 a shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of pure S, pristine graphite, GO and RGO/S composite. The XRD pattern of S exhibits very sharp and strong peaks throughout the entire diffraction range, indicating a well-defi ned crystal S 8 structure. Graphite exhibits a sharp peak at 2 θ = 26.6° corresponding to the diffraction of (002) plane with interlayer distance of ≈0.34 nm. [ 33 ]

show abstract

“…Lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries, first developed in 1960s, have attracted much attention in recent years as sulfur offers a high theoretical capacity of 1672 mAh g −1 . However, the low electronic conductivity of sulfur and its reaction products, along with the dissolution of polysulfide intermediates into liquid electrolyte and the consequent shuttling effect between the anode and cathode, makes it difficult to achieve high capacity and practical cycle life.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Li₂S‐Carbon Sandwiched Electrodes with Superior Performance for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

Manthiram

2013

Advanced Energy Materials

153

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As the petroleum resources deplete and the concern on environmental pollution increases, utilization of renewable energies (e.g., solar and wind) and the adoption of electric vehicles are becoming more desirable. However, the development of an electrical energy storage system that can meet the rigorous requirements on the weight and volume for electric vehicles or on the cycle life and cost for stationary storage is a challenge. Li-ion batteries, representing the highest energy density battery chemistry, are believed to be one of the most promising technologies. However, the capacities of the current insertion oxide cathodes (e.g., layered and spinel oxides) have reached their limits of <300 mAh g −1 , [ 1 ] which forces the materials community to develop alternative high-capacity cathode materials that can support multiple electrons per molecule, such as sulfur and oxygen. [ 2 ] Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, fi rst developed in 1960s, [ 3 ] have attracted much attention in recent years as sulfur offers a high theoretical capacity of 1672 mAh g −1 .[ 4 ] However, the low electronic conductivity of sulfur and its reaction products, along with the dissolution of polysulfi de intermediates into liquid electrolyte and the consequent shuttling effect between the anode and cathode, makes it diffi cult to achieve high capacity and practical cycle life. Signifi cant improvements in the utilization of sulfur and cyclability have been achieved by smartly designed sulfur-carbon nanomaterials, [ 5 ] core-shell structured composites, [ 6 ] and effi cient trapping confi gurations for polysulfi des. [ 7 ] However, although the use of sulfur as the cathode material has many advantages (e.g., low cost, abundance, and high energy), lithium metal or lithiated anodes are required as no lithium is present in the initial stage of the sulfur cathode. Unfortunately, lithium metal anode poses a signifi cant safety hazard and it can react with the polysulfi de ions diffused from the cathode, which limits capacity retention and cycle life. Lithium sulfi de (Li 2 S), the end discharge product of sulfur with a theoretical capacity of 1169 mAh g −1 , is more desirable to be the cathode material than sulfur. Being in the fully lithiated state, Li 2 S cathode will allow the use of lithium-free anodes such as Si, Sn, Sb, or metal oxides. Although a few approaches have been pursued with Li 2 S recently, showing promising results, [ 8,9 ] a more facile and scalable strategy is needed to tap the full potential of the Li 2 S cathode in practical cells.

show abstract

II. To Sir J[ohn] D[anvers]

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemistry, Materials, and Prospects

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemistry, Materials, and Prospects

In Situ Sulfur Reduction and Intercalation of Graphite Oxides for Li‐S Battery Cathodes

Li₂S‐Carbon Sandwiched Electrodes with Superior Performance for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

II. To Sir J[ohn] D[anvers]

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemistry, Materials, and Prospects

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemistry, Materials, and Prospects

In Situ Sulfur Reduction and Intercalation of Graphite Oxides for Li‐S Battery Cathodes

Li2S‐Carbon Sandwiched Electrodes with Superior Performance for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Li₂S‐Carbon Sandwiched Electrodes with Superior Performance for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries