Strategies to induce fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis for the treatment of -hemoglobinopathies probably involve protein modifications by histone deacetylases (HDACs) that mediate ␥-globin gene regulation. However, the role of individual HDACs in globin gene expression is not very well understood; thus, the focus of our study was to identify HDACs involved in ␥-globin activation. K562 erythroleukemia cells treated with the HbF inducers hemin, trichostatin A, and sodium butyrate had significantly reduced mRNA levels of HDAC9 and its splice variant histone deacetylase-related protein. Subsequently, HDAC9 gene knockdown produced dose-dependent ␥-globin gene silencing over an 80 -320 nM range. Enforced expression with the pTarget-HDAC9 vector produced a dosedependent 2.5-fold increase in ␥-globin mRNA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ChIP assays showed HDAC9 binding in vivo in the upstream G␥-globin gene promoter region. To determine the physiological relevance of these findings, human primary erythroid progenitors were treated with HDAC9 siRNA; we observed 40 and 60% ␥-globin gene silencing in day 11 (early) and day 28 (late) progenitors. Moreover, enforced HDAC9 expression increased ␥-globin mRNA levels by 2.5-fold with a simultaneous 7-fold increase in HbF. Collectively, these data support a positive role for HDAC9 in ␥-globin gene regulation.Hemoglobin switching from fetal ␥-globin to adult -globin gene expression occurs shortly before birth and is usually completed by the first 6 -12 months of life. During adult stage development, fetal hemoglobin (HbF 2 ; ␣ 2 ␥ 2 ) production reaches a basal level of less than 2% of total hemoglobin (1). Understanding the molecular events involved in ␥-globin gene reactivation has been the focus of intense investigation for more than 2 decades, with a potential application for the treatment of sickle cell disease and -thalassemia. Molecular events known to promote ␥-globin expression include binding of developmental stage-specific transcription factors, such as fetal Kruppel-like factor, to the ␥-globin promoter CACCC box element (2, 3). Moreover, epigenetic modifications during erythroid maturation that allows interactions between the -globin locus control region and the ␥-globin gene promoters (4, 5) are involved as well.Various pharmacological agents, such as butyrate, decitabine, and hydroxyurea, have been shown to induce HbF synthesis in vitro and in vivo (6 -8); however, hydroxyurea is the only drug approved for clinical use in sickle cell patients (9). Our laboratory has shown that histone deacetylase inhibitors, including sodium butyrate (NaB) and trichostatin A (TSA), induce ␥-globin gene expression via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade (10, 11). Generalized acetylation of histones to confer chromatin accessibility is considered the main mechanism by which ␥-globin gene activation is accomplished by HDAC inhibitors; however, other HbF inducers worked independently of histone hyperacetylation (12-14). A better understanding of the role of chromatin-...