IL-6 trans-signaling and the frequency of CD4+FOXP3+ cells in women with reproductive failure

Nakashima

et al. 2010

American J Rep Immunol

1,002

833

Citation Saito S, Nakashima A, Shima T, Ito M. Th1/Th2/Th17 and regulatory T‐cell paradigm in pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010T‐helper (Th) cells play a central role in modulating immune responses. The Th1/Th2 paradigm has now developed into the new Th1/Th2/Th17 paradigm. In addition to effector cells, Th cells are regulated by regulatory T (Treg) cells. Their capacity to produce cytokines is suppressed by immunoregulatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and interleukin (IL)‐10 or by cell‐to‐cell interaction. Here, we will review the immunological environment in normal pregnancy and complicated pregnancy, such as implantation failure, abortion, preterm labor, and preeclampsia from the viewpoint of the new Th1/Th2/Th17 and Treg paradigms.

Section: Th1/th2/th17 and Treg Paradigms In Normal Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

REVIEW ARTICLE: Th1/Th2/Th17 and Regulatory T‐Cell Paradigm in Pregnancy

Nakashima

et al. 2010

American J Rep Immunol

1,002

833

“…There are conflicting results on significance of IL-6 genetic polymorphism impact on RPL. Various studies noted that there were increased levels of IL-6 as well as its receptor in RPL patients [80,114], while others have noted decreased expression levels [114,122]. A meta-analysis showed that there was no impact on RPL of the IL-6 (-174G) polymorphism however there was a statistically significant association between RPL and those carrying IL-6 (-634) polymorphism in more than one study [77,115].…”

Section: Il-6mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IL-4 is known to inhibit Th1 [76]. IL-6 is known to promote Th2 cells [80]. Th17 are derived in response to TGFβ and IL-6 as well as inflammation [41].…”

Section: T-helper Lymphocyte-2 Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenetic contributions to recurrent pregnancy loss

Grimstad

Krieg

2016

J Assist Reprod Genet

While sporadic pregnancy loss is common, occurring in 15 % of pregnancies, recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) impacts approximately 5 % of couples. Though multiple causes are known (including structural, hormonal, infectious, autoimmune, and thrombophilic causes), after evaluation, roughly half of all cases remain unexplained. The idiopathic RPL cases pose a challenging therapeutic dilemma in addition to incurring much physical and emotional morbidity. Immunogenetic causes have been postulated to contribute to these cases of RPL. Natural Killer cell, T cell expression pattern changes in the endometrium have both been shown in patients with RPL. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and cytokine allelic variations have also been studied as etiologies for RPL. Some of the results have been promising, however the studies are small and have not yet put forth outcomes that would change our current diagnosis and management of RPL. Larger database studies are needed with stricter control criteria before reasonable conclusions can be drawn.

“…It is known that IL-6 is able to suppress the evolution of Treg cells and to direct their differentiation into the Th17 lineage. It has been shown that the serum level of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) levels were increased in recurrent spontaneous cases [34]. Endometrial inflammation may start an autocrine loop for the formation of Th17 cells.…”

Section: An Immunological View On Pregnancy Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of HLA-G and other immune mechanisms in pregnancy

et al. 2013

Pregnancy loss (abortion) and pre-eclampsia represent the most common disorders in pregnant women. Besides infection, there are anatomical, endocrinological, genetic and immunological factors that can induce pregnancy disorders. Because the exact mechanisms of physiological pregnancy maintenance are still not clearly understood, the search for genes and proteins fulfilling this role is still in progress. One of the immune molecules that plays a beneficial role in pregnancy is the nonclassical HLA-G molecule. The molecule is mainly expressed on trophoblast cells in the foetal placenta and induces the immune tolerance of the foetus via its interaction with inhibitory receptors on maternal NK cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In relation to pregnancy disorders, associations between HLA-G polymorphism, HLA-G level and HLA-G function were described. Thus, the HLA-G molecule can be used as a new diagnostic marker and, potentially, for the future therapy of pregnancy disorders.