Ileal brake activation: macronutrient-specific effects on eating behavior?

Abstract

Apart from lipids, also sucrose and casein reduce food intake on ileal infusion, thereby activating the ileal brake. In addition to food intake, also satiety and GI peptide secretion were affected.

Intraduodenal infusion of a combination of tastants decreases food intake in humans

“…Ithasrepeatedlybeenshownthatinfusionofnutrientsinvarious parts of the small intestine results in a reduction in food intake (24)(25)(26). All of these studies have been performed with different macronutrient compositions and caloric densities.…”

Dietary starch breakdown product sensing mobilizes and apically activates α‐glucosidases in small intestinal enterocytes

“…3A). This time sequence could be relevant to the body and eating of a meal because starch may be digested over the course of 6 h or more, considering that the stomach residence time of meals may range up tõ 4 h for gastric half-emptying time plus the additional residence time of food in the small intestine (33)(34)(35). Transformation of the small intestine enterocytes could also set up the distal cells for efficient digestion of the next meal starch.…”

Intraileal casein infusion increases plasma concentrations of amino acids in humans: A randomized cross over trial

“…Ileal brake activation induces enhanced satiety signals, satiation and reduction of energy intake [1,2]. Recently, we have shown that not only ileal appearance of lipid but also of the other macronutrients, carbohydrate (sucrose) and protein (casein), results in increased satiation and a reduction of food intake [3]. This reduction in food intake underlines the relevance of the ileal brake as potential food based strategy in the prevention or treatment of overweight and obesity.…”

“…The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraileal native protein infusion on digestion, AA absorption and immune activation. This was done in a study evaluating the effects of intraileal infusion of native protein on food intake previously performed by our group [3]. It was hypothesized that ileal infusion of native casein results in plasma appearance of AAs in casein and does not result in acute adverse effects such as incomplete digestion of casein protein or inflammation.…”

“…It was hypothesized that ileal infusion of native casein results in plasma appearance of AAs in casein and does not result in acute adverse effects such as incomplete digestion of casein protein or inflammation. This was investigated by analyzing plasma AAs at several time points after intraileal infusion of both a low-dose and high-dose of casein in a randomized singleblind cross over study as reported by van Avesaat et al (2015) [3]. Inflammatory mediators such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxylipins were analyzed to investigate acute adverse inflammatory effects.…”