SUMMARYA mycobacterial etiology has been proposed In Crohn's disease (CD). We have sought evidence of increased or modified T lymphocyte immune responses to Mycnhactcrium tuberculosis and Myco. paratubercuhsis in patients with CD (ti = 13), compared with ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 17) and controls (« = 17). Peripheral blood cells were cultured with phytohaemagglutinin (positive mitogen control), mycobacterial purified protein derivative (PPD) preparations, lysates., column fractions and whole, heat-killed bacteria. Responses of T cells and T cell subsets were assessed by expression of activation markers (CD25. CD69). coupled with blast ogenesis assays (^H-thymidine uptake) and estimates of proliferation. Virtually all patients responded to Myco. paratuberculo.\is and Myco. tuberculosis antigens. There were no significant differences between patient groups, although there was a very high overall correlation (r = 095; P<0000\) between responses to the two mycobacterial species. Most of the activation and proliferative responses resided in the CD4'*' (T helper) subset. Although up to 15% of CDS"^ (suppressor/cytotoxic) cells also became activated, the CD8^ cells did not proliferate subsequently. Cells expressing the alternate y/) form of the T cell receptor (TCR 7(S^)did not activate or proliferate in response to mycobacterial antigens. There were no differences in any of these parameters between patient groups. We conclude that there is no specilic increase or alteration in cell-mediated anti-mycobacterial immunity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thus our data do not suppwrt a mycobacterial etiopathology of Crohn's disease.