Illicit substance use during pregnancy has increased substantially over the past decade in the United States. In 2018, an estimated 8.5% of pregnant women ages 15-44 used illicit substances in the past month, reflecting a 70% increase from 2010 levels (Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2018). Substance use during pregnancy is of public health concern because of potential adverse maternal and newborn health outcomes. Observational studies suggest that in utero exposure to substances is associated with higher rates of perinatal mortality, birth defects, low birth weight, low gestational age, and neonatal drug withdrawal syndrome (NDWS; Behnke et al., 2013). NDWS is primarily caused by opioid exposure in utero, but can also be caused by exposure to other substances. Withdrawal symptoms in newborns often include diarrhea, vomiting, difficulty sleeping, respiratory distress, and seizures (