Illegal Drug Use and Employment

DeSimone, Jeff

doi:10.1086/342893

Cited by 145 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A negative relationship between drug use and employment was previously examined in a longitudinal study and interpreted as causal with the effect being larger for cocaine than for marijuana (DeSimone, 2002). Counterintuitively, reports of positive correlations between drug involvement and income have surfaced (Gill & Michaels, 1992;Kaestner, 1991;Register & Williams, 1992) amid other reports of no correlation (Kandel & Davies, 1990) or a delayed negative relationship manifesting in the mid-30s (Kandel et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Status and Social Support Following Illicit Drug Use: Causal Pathways or Common Liability?

et al. 2008

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The negative social attributes associated with drug use and abuse/dependence may arise as a result of shared genetic or environmental factors rather than through causal pathways. To evaluate this possibility, structured interviews were conducted for 3969 male and female twins from the Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry and evaluations of their socioeconomic status (SES), social interactions, and use of drugs were obtained. Drug involvement was categorized as never used, tried, or met criteria for abuse or dependence. A co-twin control design was implemented using hierarchical linear modeling to assess whether twins who used drugs experienced lower SES and social support than non-using co-twins. Poorer social functioning in the drug-exposed twin is consistent with a causal relationship, while similar functioning in the drug exposed versus naive twins imply shared genetic or common environmental factors. Use of drugs was not significantly related to any SES measures. However, education and job status appear to share genetic influences with drug abuse/dependence. Lower income was not related to abuse/dependence of drugs. Negative interactions with friends and relatives share genetic factors with use of drugs, but the escalation from trying drugs to abusing them appears to generate discord between the abuser and friends and relatives in a causal fashion. These results indicate that presumptive causal influences of drug abuse/dependence on low SES may actually be mediated by shared genes. Drug use and social discord also appear to have shared genetic factors, but increased levels of drug involvement seem to causally influence social interactions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Status and Social Support Following Illicit Drug Use: Causal Pathways or Common Liability?

et al. 2008

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“…All results presented here for the simple model in (2) and (3) are valid for, and can easily be extended to, the general model. 2 See Terza (1994 a and b), Coulson et al(1995), Neslusan et al (1999), Treglia et al (1999), McGeary and French (2000), Kenkel and Terza (2001), Terza (1998Terza ( , 1999Terza ( , 2002, DeSimone (2002), Pryor and Terza (2002), Basur et al 2004, Norton andVan Houtven (2006), Gibson et al (2006), Terza (2006 a and b), Terza and Tsai (2006), Shin and Moon (2007), Shea et al (2007), Stuart et al (2007), Lindrooth and Weisbrod (2007), and Terza (2007). 3 Terza (2006a) shows that the GMM cannot, in general, be directly applied to the model defined in (2).…”

Section: The Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-stage residual inclusion estimation: Addressing endogeneity in health econometric modeling

Terza

Basu

Rathouz

2008

Journal of Health Economics

1,344

1,137

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The paper focuses on two estimation methods that have been widely used to address endogeneity in empirical research in health economics and health services research B two-stage predictor substitution (2SPS) and two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI). 2SPS is the rote extension (to nonlinear models) of the popular linear two-stage least squares estimator. The 2SRI estimator is similar except that in the second stage regression, the endogenous variables are not replaced by first-stage predictors. Instead, first-stage residuals are included as additional regressors. In a generic parametric framework, we show that 2SRI is consistent and 2SPS is not. Results from a simulation study and an illustrative example also recommend against 2SPS and favor 2SRI. Our findings are important given that there are many prominent examples of the application of inconsistent 2SPS in the recent literature. This study can be used as a guide by future researchers in health economics who are confronted with endogeneity in their empirical work.

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“…Previous research has shown that marijuana use can have a high societal cost through increased unemployment, absenteeism, decreased productivity, and increased rates of crime and incarceration (5)(6)(7)(8). Given that about 19% of youth and young adults (ages 18-25 y) in the United States have used marijuana in the past month (9), the potential impact is nontrivial.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of adolescent marijuana use on intelligence: Results from two longitudinal twin studies

Jackson

Isen

Khoddam

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

163

131

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Marijuana is one of the most commonly used drugs in the United States, and use during adolescence-when the brain is still developing-has been proposed as a cause of poorer neurocognitive outcome. Nonetheless, research on this topic is scarce and often shows conflicting results, with some studies showing detrimental effects of marijuana use on cognitive functioning and others showing no significant long-term effects. The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations of marijuana use with changes in intellectual performance in two longitudinal studies of adolescent twins (n = 789 and n = 2,277). We used a quasiexperimental approach to adjust for participants' family background characteristics and genetic propensities, helping us to assess the causal nature of any potential associations. Standardized measures of intelligence were administered at ages 9-12 y, before marijuana involvement, and again at ages 17-20 y. Marijuana use was self-reported at the time of each cognitive assessment as well as during the intervening period. Marijuana users had lower test scores relative to nonusers and showed a significant decline in crystallized intelligence between preadolescence and late adolescence. However, there was no evidence of a dose-response relationship between frequency of use and intelligence quotient (IQ) change. Furthermore, marijuana-using twins failed to show significantly greater IQ decline relative to their abstinent siblings. Evidence from these two samples suggests that observed declines in measured IQ may not be a direct result of marijuana exposure but rather attributable to familial factors that underlie both marijuana initiation and low intellectual attainment.M arijuana is one of the most commonly used drugs in the United States, with a lifetime use prevalence of 50% (1, 2). Despite this, research on the long-term effects of marijuana use is scarce compared with that of other illicit substances. Changing cultural attitudes toward marijuana have recently led to social and legal acceptance of recreational use (3, 4), making research on the potential consequences particularly salient.Previous research has shown that marijuana use can have a high societal cost through increased unemployment, absenteeism, decreased productivity, and increased rates of crime and incarceration (5-8). Given that about 19% of youth and young adults (ages 18-25 y) in the United States have used marijuana in the past month (9), the potential impact is nontrivial. There is evidence to suggest that the adolescent brain may be particularly vulnerable, especially with regard to neurocognitive functioning (10, 11). Marijuana use in adolescence, when the brain is still undergoing major developmental changes, has been associated with decreased intelligence (12, 13), reduced memory (13-15), poorer attention (16-18), and lower verbal ability (19-21). However, these findings come from cross-sectional studies, where the temporal ordering of cause and effect is uncertain. For longitudinal studies examining marijuana use and ch...

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Illegal Drug Use and Employment

Cited by 145 publications

References 27 publications

Socioeconomic Status and Social Support Following Illicit Drug Use: Causal Pathways or Common Liability?

Socioeconomic Status and Social Support Following Illicit Drug Use: Causal Pathways or Common Liability?

Two-stage residual inclusion estimation: Addressing endogeneity in health econometric modeling

Impact of adolescent marijuana use on intelligence: Results from two longitudinal twin studies

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