Illegal logging as a disincentive to the establishment of a sustainable forest sector in the Amazon

Lima, Letícia Santos de; Merry, Frank; Soares‐Filho, Britaldo; Rodrigues, Henrique; Damaceno, Christiane dos Santos; Bauch, Marcos Alexendre

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207855

Cited by 42 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The results obtained identified six commercial types of wood belonging to the family Fabaceae. According to Lewis et al (2005), this is the third largest family of vascular plants worldwide. Brazil has about 2,756 Fabaceae species cataloged, from which 1,507 are endemic (Zappi et al 2015).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical Identification of Tropical Woods Traded in Lavras, Brazil

Duarte¹,

Borges²,

Ferreira³

et al. 2021

JTFS

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Anatomical characterisation of wood plays an important role in the recognition and confirmation of identity of commercially important timbers. Hence, the objective of the present study is to establish macroscopic identity of tropical wood species commercialised in Lavras, city of Minas Gerais/Brazil, and to verify whether the commercial names given to these species differentiate them from other wood species studied. Wood planks were obtained from commercial timber industries in Lavras region. The samples were passed through identification screening, anatomical characterisation, commercial nomenclatural analysis and visual comparison between the samples collected with available reference materials. According to the results, the trade nomenclature used for lumber industry was in agreement with the literature, except for the taxon Goupia glabra (Goupiaceae), and its common name Perobinha should be replaced by Cupiuba. Evaluation of several features affirmed that the axial parenchyma patterns, the vessel porosity and the presence of storied rays were essential to distinguish families, tribes and typical forest species of the Brazilian flora. Based on the results it was concluded that wood anatomy is an effective mechanism in the identification of commercial timbers, including endangered taxa such as Cedrela (Meliaceae).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical Identification of Tropical Woods Traded in Lavras, Brazil

Duarte¹,

Borges²,

Ferreira³

et al. 2021

JTFS

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“…Areas of tree loss in the protected Amazon are expected to be low as accessibility is difficult, whereas there is increasing risk along “agriculture‐forest frontiers” which is expected to have harmful long‐term effects (Figure ; Garrett et al, ), thus limiting the climate change mitigation benefits that the forest provides. Contrastingly, Santos de Lima et al () suggest that unprotected areas are expected to experience losses of up to 40% by 2050 due to illegal harvesting, noted previously to use enslaved workers (Bales, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Understanding the co‐occurrence of tree loss and modern slavery to improve efficacy of conservation actions and policies

Jackson

Sparks

Brown

et al. 2020

Conservat Sci and Prac

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Locations where populations are most reliant on forests and their ecosystem services for subsistence and development are also areas where modern slavery persists. These issues are noted within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), both target 15.2 and 8.7 respectively. Often activities using slavery perpetuate deforestation, bolstering a slavery-environment nexus; which has been examined by comparing modern slavery estimates against environmental protection levels. This study assesses the relationship between tree loss and modern slavery focusing on four countries: Brazil, Ghana, Indonesia, and Mozambique. Previously mapped levels of tree loss and predicted future levels of loss have been compared against modern slavery estimates from the Global Slavery Index 2016 and illegal logging analyses to determine an estimate of the risk for slavery related tree loss. These results provide an insight in to the cooccurrence between modern slavery and tree loss due to a number of activities that are highlighted, including mining, illegal logging, and agricultural practices. The co-occurrence is both complex, and yet, beyond coincidental. Implications for both national and global policy are noted assessing the benefits that could be achieved by limiting tree loss and ending modern slavery; of benefit to both the conservation and antislavery communities.

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“…Across much of the Amazon, legal logging (such as at Jamari) and illegal timber extraction have similar harvest intensities. Total simulated volume harvested during a 30‐year cycle under a legal scenario (RIL) is 1250 million m 3 , across 84.6 million ha (14.8 m 3 /ha), while illegal logging practices produce 1321 million m 3 across 91.1 million ha (14.5 m 3 /ha; Santos de Lima et al ., 2018). Thus, our findings are widely applicable to legal forestry, although less so to illegally logged forest where extraction will not follow RIL and thus residual damage to the forest is likely far higher.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of selective logging on avian phylogenetic and functional diversity in the Amazon

Mestre

Cosset

Nienow

et al. 2020

Animal Conservation

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Selective logging is the most extensive land use threatening tropical forests worldwide, making our understanding of its impacts on biodiversity vital for the conservation of these hyperdiverse ecosystems. We investigated the effects of selective logging on the phylogenetic and functional diversity (FD) of Amazonian forest avifauna. We sampled the overall and the understorey bird community using point counts and mist-netting, respectively, in logged and unlogged forests. The overall bird community showed significantly lower phylogenetic diversity (PD) and FD in logged than unlogged forests, but significantly higher standard effect size (ses) of PD, ses mean pairwise distance (MPD), mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD), ses functional MPD (sesfMPD) and functional MNTD (fMNTD) in logged sites. Evolutionary distinctiveness, sesMPD, sesFD, fMNTD and sesfMNTD of understorey birds were significantly higher in logged forests. Higher logging intensity affected some metrics negatively and others positively, although the relatively small changes in phylogenetic and FD suggest limited overall effects from logging at lower intensity. In combination, selective logging brings deleterious effects for some components of phylogenetic and FD of the overall Amazonian bird community. Nonetheless, selectively logged forests retain important avian diversity, underscoring their high conservation value. Relatively, low impacts of selective logging may be due to the reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques used, high connectivity with well-preserved unlogged forests or focus on short-term logging impacts. Because even low-intensity RIL causes some losses in evolutionary history and functional traits, an optimal approach for conserving phylogenetic and FD requires incorporating some land-sparing logging to protect more old-growth patches within the logged matrix. Animal Conservation.

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Illegal logging as a disincentive to the establishment of a sustainable forest sector in the Amazon

Cited by 42 publications

References 54 publications

Anatomical Identification of Tropical Woods Traded in Lavras, Brazil

Anatomical Identification of Tropical Woods Traded in Lavras, Brazil

Understanding the co‐occurrence of tree loss and modern slavery to improve efficacy of conservation actions and policies

Impacts of selective logging on avian phylogenetic and functional diversity in the Amazon

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