Illegal treatment of barrows with nandrolone ester: effect on growth, histology and residue levels in urine and hair

Groot, M.J.; Lasaroms, J.J.P.; Bennekom, E.O. van; Meijer, T.; Vinyeta, Ester; Klis, J.D. van der; Nielen, Michel W. F.

doi:10.1080/19440049.2011.647097

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This partial conclusion of the study is also evident from the graphical comparison of the linear curves of both groups of pigs (see Figure 1 ). The anabolic effect, but in this case of nandrolone (19-nor 17β-testosterone), a synthetic analogue of testosterone, has recently been similarly demonstrated in treated barrows vs. control barrows [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters

et al. 2020

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The use of anabolic steroid hormones as growth promoters in feed for farm animals has been banned in the European Union since 1988 on the basis of Council Directive 96/22/EC. However, there is still ongoing monitoring and reporting of positive findings of these banned substances in EU countries. The aim of this work was to investigate the efficacy and discriminatory ability of metabolic fingerprinting after the administration of 17β-testosterone esters to pigs. Plasma and urine samples were chromatographically separated on a Hypersil Gold C18 column. High resolution mass spectrometry metabolomic fingerprints were analysed on a hybrid mass spectrometer Q-Exactive. Three independent multivariate statistical methods, namely principal component analysis, clustre analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis showed significant differences between the treated and control groups of pigs even 14 days after the administration of the hormonal drug. Plasma samples were also analysed by a conventional quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and a pharmacokinetic curve was constructed based on the results. In this case, no testosterone residue was detected 14 days after the administration. The results clearly showed that a metabolomics approach can be a useful and effective tool for the detection and monitoring of banned anabolic steroids used illegally in pig fattening.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters

et al. 2020

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“…In our laboratory the mixture for derivatisation of other hormones tested included DTT as a constituent. The effectiveness of the most commonly used reagent, TCEP, has also been tested (12,17,18,23,28). This compound is one of the stronger, non-regenerating reducers, used in biochemistry and molecular biology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The natural hormones are present in almost all matrices. Some naturally occurring steroid hormones like boldenone, nortestosterone (nandrolone), and testosterone as well as their metabolites may have the same chemical structure as their synthetic analogues (11,17,27). A large number of studies in scientific centres were carried out on populations of treated and untreated animals of different species to learn the steroid profile of hormones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of steroid esters in hair of slaughter animals by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Matraszek-Żuchowska

Woźniak

Sielska

et al. 2019

Journal of Veterinary Research

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IntroductionThe use of growth promoters in animal husbandry to increase weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion into muscle has been banned in the European Union since 1988, and under Directive 96/23/EC, surveillance for anabolic steroid hormones is obligatory. The hormones present in animal tissues may be of endogenous origin or may result from illegal administration. Steps have been taken to determine selected steroids in the form of esters in the alternative matrix of animal hair. Their detection in biological material is direct proof of the illegal use of anabolics.Material and MethodsThe procedure for the determination of steroid esters in animal hair, based on digestion, extraction, purification, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was validated under the current regulations. In total, 348 samples of animal hair were examined using this method.ResultsGood recoveries and precision values (RSD) were obtained during validation. Decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ) were in the ranges of 2.57–4.18 μg kg−1 and 4.38–7.12 μg kg−1, respectively. The method met the criteria for confirmation techniques with respect to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.ConclusionTesting for steroid esters in animal hair was introduced into the National Residue Control Programme in 2017. Steroid esters were not found in any hair samples above the CCα, which indicates that illegal use of anabolics was not confirmed.

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“…The m/z values of the selected precursor and fragment ions used for MS detection are generally in agreement with those previously reported in the literature, especially when it concerns quantifier ions for αand β-nandrolone (transition 275 → 109) and d3-β-nandrolone (transition 278 → 109). [7] The transition 275 → 257 used in confirmation purposes for αand β-nandrolone is analogous to the former MS/MS determination, [21] while other fragmentation patterns appeared to be specific for MS/MS technique that we applied. However, no attempt was made to acquire different fragmentation patterns and thus to distinguish αfrom β-nandrolone.…”

Section: Methods Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually, nandrolone is distributed in the ester form as phenylpropionate, [7] laureate, [8][9][10] or decaonate. [11] This type of administration decreases the rate of absorption of the drug, leading to a prolonged anabolic effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of nandrolone and ractopamine in the urine of veal calves: liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry approach

Chiesa

Panseri

Cannizzo

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Research articles LC-MS/MS technology allows the direct detection of glucuronoconjugated metabolites. PI scan, NL scan and SRM methods, have demonstrated to be useful for the detection of unknown unpredicted and predicted glucuronide MTD metabolites in metabolic studies. Thirteen glucuronide metabolites were observed, and one of them was resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis, not detectable using the traditional GC-MS strategies. Sport supplements may contain steroids never approved for therapeutic use. In this study, 18 sport supplements purchased online underwent organic solvent extraction and subsequent isolated steroid tested for intrinsic androgen bioactivity. Many were found to be strong androgens. These potent pharmacologically active steroids are being used without regulatory control or consumer awareness of their potential adverse effect. Avidin-biotin technology was used for the implementation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AB-ELISA) as a sensitive method for the detection of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) present in dietary supplements. Assembled AB-ELISAs were characterized and used for detection of various AAS in 49 samples of counterfeit dietary supplements. The concordance between UHPLC-MS and the CR corrected data from AB-ELISA indicated the potential of this method even to quantification of some steroids. Nandrolone (anabolic steroid) and ractopamine (β-adrenergic agonist) are used quite frequently in food-producing livestock, but little is known about their synergic action when they are administered together. The objective of this study was to determine levels after experimental treatment of bovines with both of the above-mentioned drugs. For this purpose two specific analytical methods based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were developed. The use of tandem yeast and mamma-lian cell in vitro androgen bioassays to detect androgens in internet-sourced sport supplements 545-552 We evaluated the effectiveness of drugs testing using hair and nails and the feasibility of determining when drugs were ingested by measuring the time courses of drug concentrations in hair and toenails after single administrations of various drugs. For most basic compounds, the maximum concentrations in hair segments tended to be higher than those in nails. Nails were an effective specimen to detect neutral and weakly acidic compounds. In this work, we aimed to develop a new, simple and confident sensory platform for cocaine detection. For the fabrication of this test system, surface of μ-well plates was modified with quantum dots (QDs) and then cocaine-binding aptamer modified gold nanoparticles (Apt-AuNP) were covalently attached to the QDs. Detectable signals were obtained owing to the target-induced conformational change of aptamer which gives rise to close interaction of QDs with their quencher, AuNPs. Hence, decrease in fluorescence intensity as a cocaine response was recorded. The developed test system-called as Aptamer Folding based Sensory Device, (AFSD)-was evaluated in terms of main a...

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Illegal treatment of barrows with nandrolone ester: effect on growth, histology and residue levels in urine and hair

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters

Profiling of Metabolomic Changes in Plasma and Urine of Pigs Caused by Illegal Administration of Testosterone Esters

Determination of steroid esters in hair of slaughter animals by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Evaluation of nandrolone and ractopamine in the urine of veal calves: liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry approach

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