The consultation for the new Governance Arrangements for Research Ethics Committees [1] [GAfREC] has now closed. As the Editor of the Research Ethics Review has recently commented [2], there is a question as to whether the method of consultation was as comprehensive as it should have been and whether all REC members were made aware of its existence. This observation is more than fanciful. REC recruitment has always relied upon the goodwill and unpaid time of members from a wide range of backgrounds, of whom some are skilled professionals accustomed to exercising a high degree of accountability for their own decision making. In order to retain these members it is necessary to engage in proper and inclusive dialogue with them. Failure to do this is likely to yield nothing of benefit to REC recruitment or to the confidence of the members in the organisation that they are meant to represent. This point has resonance when we come to examine the matters detailed below. In the time preceding the publication of the consultation on the new GAfREC, there was an exchange of views in the pages of this journal on the matter of how RECs should deal with illegal research [3-5]. The Department of Health issued guidance on this matter [6]. Some members of the Royal College of Physicians supported that guidance. REC members should understand that the terms of the new GAfREC now appear to reverse this earlier guidance from the Department. The following paragraphs show why this is so and also raise further questions about the intellectual consistency of the approach that the Department has chosen to adopt on the matter of protocol illegality. The origin of the dispute lies in paragraph 9.11 of the 2001 edition of GAfREC. This provision is to be replaced by paragraph 3.2.10 of the new version. The Department of Health seized upon the statement in paragraph 9.11 that it was not the role of the REC to provide a legal opinion and that it was open to a REC merely to recommend to the researcher that further legal advice be obtained where needed. The Department published an open letter on the NRES website and which was sent on behalf of the NRES Directorate to each REC member. It stated that a REC