Illicit drug consumption estimated using wastewater analysis and compared by settlement size in New Zealand

Chappell, Andrew; Armstrong, Bridget; Jay, Emma; Phung, Kaitlyn; McCormick, Sara; Grigg, Susie; Waite, Ben

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156956

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The average concentrations of morphine, codeine, 6-AM, methadone, and tramadol were 40.5 14.5, 0.45, 0.98, and 30.4 ng/L, respectively (Figure a). The concentrations of morphine and codeine were comparable to those detected in urban wastewater in China, , while lower than the concentrations found in European and American countries. − This observation suggests a relatively lower utilization of morphine in China.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Identification of Poppy Straws as a Special Source of Morphine in Chinese Municipal Wastewater

Shao,

Gong,

Wang

et al. 2024

ACS EST Water

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Previous studies have predominantly focused on morphine for clinical use, codeine, and heroin as potential contributors, neglecting the possible contribution from poppy straws in Chinese traditional medicines. To determine the sources of morphine, this study collected influent samples from 150 wastewater treatment plants in 49 cities across the South and North of China for monitoring five substances, including morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine, methadone, and tramadol. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) found that poppy straws (59.1%) and morphine for clinical use (28.5%) were identified as major contributors, while codeine (9.20%) and heroin (3.20%) contributed less. To validate the PMF results, a comparison was made with the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) survey. The mass load of morphine derived from different sources, as determined by the INCB data survey, fell within the 95% confidence interval calculated by PMF, indicating consistency between the two surveys. Based on the PMF sources, morphine use from poppy straws and clinical purposes was calculated to be 11.8 mg/d/1000 inh and 9.55 mg/d/1000 inh, respectively. Consumption of codeine and heroin was estimated at 9.45 mg/d/1000 inh and 0.64 mg/d/1000 inh, respectively. The quantitative analysis of morphine sources in wastewater provides an accurate assessment of the four sources of morphine in Chinese wastewater.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Identification of Poppy Straws as a Special Source of Morphine in Chinese Municipal Wastewater

Shao,

Gong,

Wang

et al. 2024

ACS EST Water

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“…These geographical trends in Aotearoa, New Zealand can be compared to that of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine and cocaine consumption, recently published by Chappell and co‐workers as part of a national wastewater testing programme [30] . In their report, they also identify a generally decreasing trend in methamphetamine consumption as the size of the settlement increases, like seen for alcohol.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…[23] These geographical trends in Aotearoa, New Zealand can be compared to that of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine and cocaine consumption, recently published by Chappell and co-workers as part of a national wastewater testing programme. [30] In their report, they also identify a generally decreasing trend in methamphetamine consumption as the size of the settlement increases, like seen for alcohol. Conversely, related to usage in each of the islands, they report a higher level of consumption of methamphetamine in the North Island, which is the opposite of that seen for alcohol consumption.…”

Section: Geographical Analysis Of Alcohol Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Wastewater‐based Epidemiology to Investigate Spatio‐Temporal Trends in Alcohol Consumption in Aotearoa, New Zealand

Wilson,

Phung,

Chappell

et al. 2024

Chemistry An Asian Journal

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Alcohol is an influential drug that has extensive societal impact. In Aotearoa New Zealand, there are a number of worrying trends related to alcohol consumption including rates of alcohol‐related harm and violence and heavy episodic drinking. To understand and address these issues, alcohol consumption rates and related trends need to be understood. A wastewater‐based epidemiology study was carried out over the course of six months (April ‐ September 2021), sampling one week per month from ten catchment areas covering ~40% of the national population. The average alcohol consumption was found to be 12.2 mL/person/day. Temporal and geographical trends in alcohol consumption were found; there was higher alcohol consumption on the weekends compared to weekdays, alcohol consumption was inversely related to settlement size, there was increased alcohol consumption due to public holidays and alcohol consumption was not seen to increase during COVID restrictions, however there was a notable change in the weekly trend during lockdowns. This application of alcohol WBE to Aotearoa New Zealand represents a comprehensive national study to understand alcohol consumption and its influences. The knowledge obtained will allow appropriate services and public policies to be reviewed to best serve communities.

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“…In the last year, little news appeared in the themes of the published investigations. There was a continuity of classic studies on disease-causing organisms (e.g., Dai et al, 2022 ; de Araújo et al, 2022 ; Mercier et al, 2022 ), pharmaceutical use (e.g., Duan et al, 2022 ; Gao et al, 2022a ; Tomsone et al, 2022 ), of illicit and licit drugs (e.g., Wang et al, 2022 ; Chappell et al, 2022 ; Zheng et al, 2022 ), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (e.g., Cai et al, 2022 ; Steenbeek et al, 2022 ; Holton et al, 2022 ), and consumption of sweeteners and steroids ( Li et al, 2022 ; Shimko et al, 2022 ). The novelties were, e.g., the study of the biochemical load in an urban system via WBE, which allowed a holistic understanding of the city's metabolism ( Kasprzyk-Hordern et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: State Of the Art Of Wastewater-based Epidemiology Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted wastewater-based epidemiology?

Barcellos,

Barquilha,

Oliveira

et al. 2023

Science of The Total Environment

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Illicit drug consumption estimated using wastewater analysis and compared by settlement size in New Zealand

Cited by 16 publications

References 21 publications

Identification of Poppy Straws as a Special Source of Morphine in Chinese Municipal Wastewater

Identification of Poppy Straws as a Special Source of Morphine in Chinese Municipal Wastewater

Wastewater‐based Epidemiology to Investigate Spatio‐Temporal Trends in Alcohol Consumption in Aotearoa, New Zealand

How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted wastewater-based epidemiology?

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