1993
DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19930415)71:8<2574::aid-cncr2820710823>3.0.co;2-1
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Image analysis of androgen receptor immunostaining in metastatic prostate cancer heterogeneity as a predictor of response to hormonal therapy

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Cited by 111 publications
(59 citation statements)
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“…Similar observation was reported by several other authors. 12,[21][22][23] In a prostate cancer specimen, AR staining in the epithelium is heterogenous, with a marked decrease in ARpositive cells occurring in less differentiated tumors. 24 The possibility that increased heterogeneity of cellular staining may be present during hormonal therapy arose from our data.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Similar observation was reported by several other authors. 12,[21][22][23] In a prostate cancer specimen, AR staining in the epithelium is heterogenous, with a marked decrease in ARpositive cells occurring in less differentiated tumors. 24 The possibility that increased heterogeneity of cellular staining may be present during hormonal therapy arose from our data.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This may suggest the possibility that AR mutations may not be involved in all cases of therapy resistance and that additional mechanisms contributing to tumor recurrence also need to be considered. 22 It is not known whether AR gene mutations in hormone-refractory disease arose during androgen ablation therapy or were already present prior to therapy. The present study indicates that AR gene mutations may not exist in a subset of early stage or even advanced stage primary prostate tumors prior to initiation of hormonal therapy.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These authors were the first to report that AR immunostaining appeared similar in early CaP and benign prostate tissue. These results were contrasted with studies of advanced CaP from their own laboratory [21] and from others [22][23][24][25] where reduced AR immunoreactivity and increased heterogeneity of cellular staining was observed. They attributed the similar findings in early CaP and benign prostate tissue to the lack of development of greater genetic instability and altered androgen sensitivity, which they believed a characteristic of advanced CaP, especially after administration of ADT.…”
Section: Androgen-receptor Expression In the Epithelia Of Clinically mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[39] However, they subsequently reported that the heterogeneity of expression of AR predicted response to ADT. [25] A series of studies that took advantage of the ability to examine archival tissue and to more precisely quantitate AR expression using image analysis techniques have confirmed these results. Tilley's group used video image analysis and an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody directed against the N terminus of AR to predict perfectly the outcome after ADT of 21 patients with advanced CaP.…”
Section: Androgen Receptor In Advanced Prostate Cancer Androgen Recepmentioning
confidence: 99%
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