“…During the training process, CNNs learn the values of these filters. In recent years, these learning-based techniques have been widely adopted for solving the image colorization problem [ 22 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. The implemented solutions mainly differ for the employed network architectures and loss functions.…”