“…Several swarm intelligence optimization techniques have appeared successively in recent years, such as slime mould algorithm (SMA) [ 35 ], Harris hawks optimization (HHO) [ 61 ], hunger games search (HGS) [ 62 ], Runge Kutta optimizer (RUN) [ 63 ], colony predation algorithm (CPA) [ 64 ], and weighted mean of vectors (INFO) [ 65 ]. Due to the simplicity and efficiency of swarm intelligence algorithms, they have been widely used in many different fields, such as image segmentation [ 66 , 67 ], the traveling salesman problem [ 68 ], feature selection [ 69 , 70 ], practical engineering problems [ 71 , 72 ], fault diagnosis [ 73 ], scheduling problems [ 74 , 75 , 76 ], multi-objective problems [ 77 , 78 ], medical diagnosis [ 79 , 80 ], economic emission dispatch problems [ 81 ], robust optimization [ 82 , 83 ], solar cell parameter identification [ 84 ], and optimization of machine learning models [ 85 ]. Among them, SMA is a new bionic stochastic optimization problem, simulating slime mold behavior and morphological changes during foraging.…”