Image Steganography Using Quantum Dot-Cellular Automata

Correlation and convolution for binary image filter using QCA

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]11 A tunnel is present among the dots, which connects them and through which the electrons can move between adjacent dots. Two free electrons are placed within a QCA cell as shown in Figure 1, due to which the Coulomb effect is generated.…”

“…4,6,7 The primary logic gate of QCA circuit is the majority gate that has five cells, three inputs, a middle cell and one output, as shown in Figure 2. 23,26 The majority gate's output is based on the superiority of the values given as inputs.…”

“…In QCA, clocks are mainly used to run the circuit. 4,6,7 The clocking of QCA consists of four phases, each of which is lagged by p/2, as shown in Figure 4, which can be useful in designing a nanocircuit. The phases are switch phase, hold phase, release phase and relax phase.…”

“…In Das et al's paper, 6 image steganography is reported based on QCA. The simple least significant bit-based technique is used to achieve the image steganography in QCA.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] In the QCA technique, information is encapsulated based on the charge configuration of electrons within a QCA cell of coupled quantum dots. [5][6][7] Due to cell-to-cell mutual electrostatic Coulomb interaction, all the cells are exposed to bistable activities that are sufficient to perform computation. Thus, binary information can be encoded and no current flows through the cell.…”