Images of Sports Women: A review

Sherry, Emma; Osborne, Angela; Nicholson, Matthew

doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0493-x

Cited by 87 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…These findings are in line with evidence of a general positivity bias toward youth (Levy and Banaji, 2002 ). There was also some support that people preferred images of women exercising as opposed to men, which seemingly opposes societal reflections of exercise as being a masculine type of behavior (Sherry et al, 2016 ). Although sub-group analyses were not possible within the present study, it is likely that these effects differ as a function of the individual's age and gender.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the gender of people in the image may also impact people's non-conscious or reflective evaluations. Research suggests that there continues to be a societal bias in which portrayals of men are perceived as more relevant to the concept of exercise than women (Sherry et al, 2016 ). This society-level bias may permeate individuals' non-conscious reactions to exercise images, leading to general tendencies for people to automatically associate images of men with the concept of exercise more so than images of women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reflective and Non-conscious Responses to Exercise Images

et al. 2018

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Images portraying exercise are commonly used to promote exercise behavior and to measure automatic associations of exercise (e.g., via implicit association tests). The effectiveness of these promotion efforts and the validity of measurement techniques partially rely on the untested assumption that the images being used are perceived by the general public as portrayals of exercise that is pleasant and motivating. The aim of this study was to investigate how content of images impacted people's automatic and reflective evaluations of exercise images. Participants (N = 90) completed a response time categorization task (similar to the implicit association test) to capture how automatically people perceived each image as relevant to Exercise or Not exercise. Participants also self-reported their evaluations of the images using visual analog scales with the anchors: Exercise/Not exercise, Does not motivate me to exercise/Motivates me to exercise, Pleasant/Unpleasant, and Energizing/Deactivating. People tended to more strongly automatically associate images with exercise if the images were of an outdoor setting, presented sport (as opposed to active labor or gym-based) activities, and included young (as opposed to middle-aged) adults. People tended to reflectively find images of young adults more motivating and relevant to exercise than images of older adults. The content of exercise images is an often overlooked source of systematic variability that may impact measurement validity and intervention effectiveness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflective and Non-conscious Responses to Exercise Images

et al. 2018

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“…Femininity of athlete is one of the important components in consumption of women sport. Studies found that gender appropriate women sports such as figure skating or gymnastics receive more media attention and tend to be covered by broadcasting more frequently than sports that perceived as masculine (Sherry, Osborne, and Nicholson 2016;Vincent et al 2003). Audiences of women sport found to enjoy watching of qualities of femininity in sport; female viewers even showed a tendency to reject those female athletes who were perceived as excessively masculine and not ladylike (Angelini 2008).…”

Section: Femininitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The LPGA’s global tour and domestic audience: factors influencing viewer’s intention to watch in the United States

et al. 2020

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The purpose of current study was to examine the impact of potential factors that influence audience's attitude toward and intention to watch LPGA tournaments that are typically led by a large number of foreign golfers today. Research participants (N = 375) were LPGA consumers who responded to a questionnaire administered online. SEM analysis was performed to investigate the impact of diversity beliefs, cultural familiarity, perceived image, and femininity on attitude toward and intention to watch. The results revealed positive influence of perceived image and femininity on audience's attitude, while negative impact of assimilation belief on attitude was identified. Furthermore, positive associations between attitude and intention as well as subjective norm and intention were confirmed. These findings suggest that promotion of the image of tour-leading foreign golfers and femininity would be useful to attract media spectators while promotion of diversity mitigating audiences' belief on assimilation approach can be effective under the new globalized tour environment.

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“…Photos serve to advance the general consensus and even support the socially constructed gender hierarchical order. For instance, Sherry et al (2015) suggest images are powerful symbols cloaked in cultural meaning that capture a particular event, object, and individual within the confines of a photo"s border. When the visual representation of females featured in print publications are narrowed and focus on stereotypical characteristics, Azzarito (2009) noted that these images help to construct consumers" ideology.…”

Section: Female Athlete Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A content analysis of pictorial content in entertainment and sports programming networks (ESPN): The magazines body issue

Martin¹,

McNary²,

Suh³

et al. 2018

J. Phys. Educ. Sport Manag.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the pictorial content of entertainment and sports programming networks (ESPN) The Magazine's Body Issue to determine the type of coverage sportswomen received in the annual special edition. The Body Issue was intended to celebrate the physical characteristics of athletes through visual representation that honored diverse human elements such as body shape, height, and weight. A total of 276 photos were examined. Although it was hypothesized that female sport competitors would be overrepresented on the Body Issue pages, male athletes garnered more photographic coverage than female athletes. Though it was not a significant difference (χ2=3.365, p=0.162), female athletes were photographed more in non-athletic poses than their male counterparts. Gender did not play a role in photo prominence, as a Chi Square test revealed no statistical difference (χ2=14.176, p=0.077). Female athletes who competed in individual sports received more pictorial coverage than female athletes in team sports (χ2=36.010, p < 0.000). Though it appears the special issue's mission was upheld and the study found some advances made in how female athletes were represented in comparison to their male counterparts, much work is still needed before we can truly celebrate progress.

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Images of Sports Women: A review

Cited by 87 publications

References 61 publications

Reflective and Non-conscious Responses to Exercise Images

Reflective and Non-conscious Responses to Exercise Images

The LPGA’s global tour and domestic audience: factors influencing viewer’s intention to watch in the United States

A content analysis of pictorial content in entertainment and sports programming networks (ESPN): The magazines body issue

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