Imaging and targeting LOX-mediated tissue remodeling with a reactive collagen peptide

Shaping Macromolecules for Sensing Applications—From Polymer Hydrogels to Foldamers

“…Hydrogels for optical detection methods contain fluorophores or chromophores in their chains, which interact through various mechanisms with the target molecules. The interaction with the analyte alters measured optical property, e.g., color [ 74 ], absorbance [ 75 ], fluorescence emission [ 76 ], or volume [ 77 ]. For example, Haldar and Lee [ 78 ] developed a polymeric chemosensor for the detection of Hg 2+ ions in aqueous media.…”

“…Polymeric materials used for sensors are divided into natural hydrogels, derived from natural polymers, e.g., proteins (collagen [ 76 , 80 , 83 ], elastin [ 84 , 85 ], gelatin [ 86 , 87 , 88 ], albumin [ 29 , 89 ]), polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid [ 90 ], alginate [ 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ], chitosan [ 82 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 ], cellulose [ 74 ]), and synthetic hydrogels [ 39 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ], based on laboratory-made polymers. Hydrogels in sensing applications are often used as a hybrid material, blend of polymers or in composition with inorganic materials, e.g., graphene, graphene oxide, or silica [ 31 ].…”

“…The classification of the natural hydrogels includes two main groups, based on their derivation. The first group is represented by protein-based materials [ 76 , 80 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 ] which include collagen, elastin, fibrin, gelatin, and skin fibroin. The second group is constituted of hydrogels derived from polysaccharides [ 74 , 82 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 96 , 97 , 98 ] such as glycosaminoglycans, alginate and chitosan.…”

“…If needed, the properties of natural hydrogels can be adjusted by chemical modification [ 28 ] or the preparation of composite polymers with synthetic hydrogels [ 100 ]. Natural hydrogels have been used for the sensing of glucose [ 80 , 93 , 97 , 98 , 100 ], dopamine [ 83 ], antioxidants [ 82 ], pH [ 74 , 88 , 89 ], explosives [ 39 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 96 ], biomarkers [ 76 , 84 , 90 , 91 , 92 ], and body signals [ 29 , 30 ] using electrochemical and optical detection methods ( Table 1 ).…”

“…Aronoff et al developed imaging and targeting dual sensor for lysine oxidase based on a collagen scaffold. Lysine oxidase is important in forming crosslinks in the extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and elastin [ 76 ]. Its inhibition can produce osteolathyrism, affecting bones and connective tissues [ 76 , 115 , 116 ].…”