The high-temperature superconductor YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 þ d consists of two main structural units-a bilayer of CuO 2 planes that are central to superconductivity and a CuO 2 þ d chain layer. Although the functional role of the planes and chains has long been established, most probes integrate over both, which makes it difficult to distinguish the contribution of each. Here we use electron energy loss spectroscopy to directly resolve the plane and chain contributions to the electronic structure in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 . We directly probe the charge transfer of holes from the chains to the planes as a function of oxygen content, and show that the change in orbital occupation of Cu is large in the chain layer but modest in CuO 2 planes, with holes in the planes doped primarily into the O 2p states. These results provide direct insight into the local electronic structure and charge transfers in this important high-temperature superconductor.