Imaging genetics in ADHD: A focus on cognitive control

Thinking outside the executive functions box: Theory of mind and pragmatic abilities in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

“…To serve as an endophenotype various criteria need to be met by the construct (such as EF, ToM, or pragmatic language use) under study (see De Geus & Boomsma, 2001;Durston et al, 2009;Viding & Blakemore, 2007, for details). For example, endophenotypes (such as EFs) need to be associated with the psychopathology (AD/HD) of interest (validity) and should represent a reliable characteristic.…”

“…Moreover, the association between endophenotypes and specific behaviour must be theoretically meaningful (causality;De Geus & Boomsma, 2001). We know that EFs are related to AD/HD and the association between this potential endophenotype and the specific behaviour is theoretically meaningful (see Durston et al, 2009, for an extensive discussion). Moreover, we know that in other neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, EF deficits go hand in hand with deficits in ToM and pragmatic abilities.…”

“…These endophenotypes can be conceptualized on a neurophysiological, neuroanatomical and/or cognitive level, and they are the intermediate between the behavioural classification (i.e., AD/HD as phenotype) and the biological variables (i.e., genotypes and environment) that cause the disorder (Gottesman & Gould, 2003). One potential cognitive endophenotype for both AD/HD and autism is executive functioning (Durston, De Zeeuw, & Staal, 2009;Hill, 2004;Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996).…”

“…In recent reviews it has been discussed that executive functioning (or cognitive control) is a valid and reliable endophenotype for AD/HD (e.g., Doyle et al, 2005;Durston et al, 2009). However, these executive dysfunctions in AD/HD do not exist in isolation.…”

Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en niños aymara: primera aproximación clínica

“…En tercer lugar, es interesante indagar si los mecanismos fisiopatológicos y los factores etiológicos del TDAH, mayoritariamente genéticos, corresponden en los aymara a los hasta ahora propuestos en otros grupos humanos [9][10][11] . Ello es propósito de aspectos de nuestra investigación no expuestos en este reporte.…”