Imaging in animal models

Abstract

Advances in imaging techniques have significantly improved the choices available for in vivo imaging of animal research, particularly in the field of oncology. Development of existing technology has led to major advances in the miniaturisation of imaging techniques such as MRI, PET and CT enabling higher resolution imaging of smaller animals. One of the emerging growth areas is optical imaging, such as bioluminescence and fluorescence as a noninvasive technique to image orthotopic tumours models in mice. Recent developments in microscopic imaging techniques allow high resolution imaging of cancer cells in vivo in animal models. Another growth area is the development of multimodal scanners such as CT-PET to overcome individual limitations of a modality and to provide greater detail of tumours. This review discusses the strengths and limitations of established methods as well as more recent developments in preclinical imaging.

Cross-Sectional Anatomy and Computed Tomography of the Coelomic Cavity in Juvenile Atlantic Puffins (Aves, Alcidae, Fratercula arctica)

“…However, modern imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) make it possible to obtain three-dimensional images with little distortion and even simulations of dynamic processes of different organs and vascular structures in a minimally invasive way [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Consequently, its use in anatomical studies has spread, and even smaller versions, such as micro-CT, have been created for animal research [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. These anatomical studies are essential not only from the clinical point of view but also for endangered species conservation, enabling adequate knowledge of their anatomical characteristics and behaviour patterns [ 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Refinement of Animal Model of Colorectal Carcinogenesis through the Definition of Novel Humane Endpoints

“…It should be noted that thermographic imaging of surface temperature provides indirect measure of tumor vascularization, and this information can be complemented with other widely used imaging techniques, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, position emission tomography, ultrasonography, and endoscopy. These in vivo techniques allow early detection and cancer staging [ 35 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. We consider that researchers using this model should follow a renewed table of HEs in their research ( Table S3, Supplementary Materials ).…”

Toward improved in vitro models of human cancer

“… 22,23 Although in vivo models are becoming more amenable to imaging techniques (e.g., intravital imaging), they are limited by the shortcomings intrinsic to the imaging technique (e.g., breathing artifacts, limited imaging depth). 24 This lack of real-time imaging and the complexity of the in vivo systems often result in the “black box” effect. This caveat is described as the user's inability to determine the relationships between input and output.…”