Imaging in Prostate Cancer

Abdellaoui, Adel; Iyengar, Srikanth; Freeman, Simon

doi:10.2217/fon.11.43

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide (almost 1.3 million diagnoses) and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men (350,000 deaths worldwide) [159]. Furthermore, the increase in longevity and awareness of the disease is leading to more men requesting screening, which in turn will dramatically increase the number of patients diagnosed [160]. Barr et al [161] provided an extensive study of guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography on the prostate.…”

Section: Prostatementioning

confidence: 99%

Why Are Viscosity and Nonlinearity Bound to Make an Impact in Clinical Elastographic Diagnosis?

Rus

Faris

Torres

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The adoption of multiscale approaches by the biomechanical community has caused a major improvement in quality in the mechanical characterization of soft tissues. The recent developments in elastography techniques are enabling in vivo and non-invasive quantification of tissues’ mechanical properties. Elastic changes in a tissue are associated with a broad spectrum of pathologies, which stems from the tissue microstructure, histology and biochemistry. This knowledge is combined with research evidence to provide a powerful diagnostic range of highly prevalent pathologies, from birth and labor disorders (prematurity, induction failures, etc.), to solid tumors (e.g., prostate, cervix, breast, melanoma) and liver fibrosis, just to name a few. This review aims to elucidate the potential of viscous and nonlinear elastic parameters as conceivable diagnostic mechanical biomarkers. First, by providing an insight into the classic role of soft tissue microstructure in linear elasticity; secondly, by understanding how viscosity and nonlinearity could enhance the current diagnosis in elastography; and finally, by compounding preliminary investigations of those elastography parameters within different technologies. In conclusion, evidence of the diagnostic capability of elastic parameters beyond linear stiffness is gaining momentum as a result of the technological and imaging developments in the field of biomechanics.

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Section: Prostatementioning

confidence: 99%

Why Are Viscosity and Nonlinearity Bound to Make an Impact in Clinical Elastographic Diagnosis?

Rus

Faris

Torres

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…TRUS was traditionally used to allow biopsies from predetermined sites in the prostate, following an abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) and increased PSA, and not as a method to identify precise locations of tumour foci [82]. However, improvements to the technique, including contrast-enhanced ultrasound using microbubble contrast media, elastography to measure tissue stiffness, and Doppler ultrasound to measure blood flow, can result in more targeted biopsies, leading to improved detection and diagnosis [83, 84].…”

Section: Approaches To Focal Therapy Of Localized Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, improvements to the technique, including contrast-enhanced ultrasound using microbubble contrast media, elastography to measure tissue stiffness, and Doppler ultrasound to measure blood flow, can result in more targeted biopsies, leading to improved detection and diagnosis [83, 84]. TRUS can distinguish between an outer and inner gland encompassing the central, peripheral, and transition zones, though not at the same resolution as MRI [82]. …”

Section: Approaches To Focal Therapy Of Localized Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Temperature Plasma: A Novel Focal Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer?

Hirst

Frame

Maitland

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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Despite considerable advances in recent years for the focal treatment of localized prostate cancer, high recurrence rates and detrimental side effects are still a cause for concern. In this review, we compare current focal therapies to a potentially novel approach for the treatment of early onset prostate cancer: low temperature plasma. The rapidly evolving plasma technology has the potential to deliver a wide range of promising medical applications via the delivery of plasma-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Studies assessing the effect of low temperature plasma on cell lines and xenografts have demonstrated DNA damage leading to apoptosis and reduction in cell viability. However, there have been no studies on prostate cancer, which is an obvious candidate for this novel therapy. We present here the potential of low temperature plasma as a focal therapy for prostate cancer.

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“…Furthermore, over 80% of PCas are multifocal, which makes accurate clinical staging even more difficult and unreliable 7 . Clinical tumour understaging has consistently been shown to range from 40% to 60% 8–11 . This is clearly attributable to the multifocal, histologically heterogeneous nature of prostatic carcinoma.…”

Section: Clinical Staging Versus Pathological Stagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Clinical tumour understaging has consistently been shown to range from 40% to 60%. [8][9][10][11] This is clearly attributable to the multifocal, histologically heterogeneous nature of prostatic carcinoma. Bostwick et al found that 59% of clinical stage T2, T3 and T4 PCas in men undergoing radical prostatectomy were understaged when compared with final pathological stage.…”

Section: Clinical Staging Versus Pathological Stagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staging of prostate cancer

et al. 2011

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Prostatic carcinoma (PCa) is a significant cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accurate staging is critical for prognosis assessment and treatment planning for PCa. Despite the large volume of clinical activity and research, the challenge to define the most appropriate and clinically relevant staging system remains. The pathologically complex and uncertain clinical course of prostate cancer further complicates the design of staging classification and a substaging system suitable for individualized care. This review will focus on recent progress and controversial issues related to prostate cancer staging. The 2010 revision of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (AJCC/UICC) tumour, node and metastasis (TNM) system is the most widely used staging system at this time. Despite general acceptance of the system as a whole, there is controversy and uncertainty about its application, particularly for T2 subclassification. The three-tiered T2 classification system for organ-confined prostate cancer is superfluous, considering the biology and anatomy of PCa. A tumour size-based substaging system may be considered in the future TNM subclassification of pT2 cancer. Lymph node status is one of the most important prognostic factors for prostate cancer. Nevertheless, clinical outcomes in patients with positive lymph nodes are variable. Identification of patients at the greatest risk of systemic progression helps in the selection of appropriate therapy. The data suggest that the inherent aggressiveness of metastatic prostate cancer is closely linked to the tumour volume of lymph node metastasis. We recommend that a future TNM staging system should consider subclassification of node-positive cancer on the basis of nodal cancer volume, using the diameter of the largest nodal metastasis and/or the number of positive nodes.

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Imaging in Prostate Cancer

Cited by 13 publications

References 91 publications

Why Are Viscosity and Nonlinearity Bound to Make an Impact in Clinical Elastographic Diagnosis?

Why Are Viscosity and Nonlinearity Bound to Make an Impact in Clinical Elastographic Diagnosis?

Low Temperature Plasma: A Novel Focal Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer?

Staging of prostate cancer

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