Imaging Methods to Quantify the Chest and Trunk Deformation in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Literature Review

Abstract

Background context: Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine with the most prevalent type being adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The rotational spinal deformation leads to displacement and deformation of the ribs, resulting in a deformity of the entire chest. Routine diagnostic imaging is performed in order to define its etiology, measure curve severity and progression during growth, and for treatment planning. To date, all treatment recommendations are based on spinal parameters, while the esthetic concerns and cardiopulmonary symptoms of patients are mostly related to the trunk deformation. For this reason, there is a need for diagnostic imaging of the patho-anatomical changes of the chest and trunk in AIS. Aim: The aim of this review is to provide an overview, as complete as possible, of imaging modalities, methods and image processing techniques for assessment of chest and trunk deformation in AIS. Methods: Here, we present a narrative literature review of (1) image acquisition techniques used in clinical practice, (2) a description of various relevant methods to measure the deformity of the thorax in patients with AIS, and (3) different image processing techniques useful for quantifying 3D chest wall deformity. Results: Various ionizing and non-ionizing imaging modalities are available, but radiography is most widely used for AIS follow-up. A disadvantage is that these images are only acquired in 2D and are not effective for acquiring detailed information on complex 3D chest deformities. While CT is the gold standard 3D imaging technique for assessment of in vivo morphology of osseous structures, it is rarely obtained for surgical planning because of concerns about radiation exposure and increased risk of cancer during later life. Therefore, different modalities with less or without radiation, such as biplanar radiography and MRI are usually preferred. Recently, there have been advances in the field of image processing for measurements of the chest: Anatomical segmentations have become fully automatic and deep learning has been shown to be able to automatically perform measurements and even outperform experts in terms of accuracy. Conclusions: Recent advancements in imaging modalities and image processing techniques make complex 3D evaluation of chest deformation possible. Before introduction into daily clinical practice, however, there is a need for studies correlating image-based chest deformation parameters to patient-reported outcomes, and for technological advancements to make the workflow cost-effective.

Evaluation of Mis-Selection of Boundary Vertebrae and Its Effect on Measuring Cobb Angle and Curve Length in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

“…AIS can progress over the years if untreated, especially during growth, and can cause significant musculoskeletal problems, pain in adulthood, pulmonary impairment and psychological problems [6][7][8][9]. Measuring the Cobb angle on a standing posteroanterior full-length spine X-ray is the gold standard for diagnosing AIS, assessing its severity, monitoring its changes and making decisions about its treatment [10][11][12][13][14]. The selection of the vertebrae defining the boundaries of the scoliotic curves plays a pivotal role in determining the Cobb angle and accurately describing the curve's length, which is crucial for devising appropriate treatment strategies.…”