Imaging of genetic and degenerative disorders primarily causing Parkinsonism

Brooks, David J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53485-9.00024-6

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…In visual assessments, a burst striatum pattern was reportedly more common in patients with a clinical diagnosis of atypical parkinsonism, whereas an egg-shaped pattern, which is typical of putaminal degeneration, was reportedly more indicative for PD [42,43]. However, no usefulness on an individual basis has so far been reported in distinguishing PD from atypical parkinsonisms because in pathologically proven atypical parkinsonisms and PD, the DAT-SPECT patterns greatly overlap each other [44].…”

Section: Dopamine Transporter Imaging: Role In Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Imaging of the Dopamine Transporter

Palermo

Ceravolo

2019

Cells

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Dopamine transporter (DAT) single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) with (123)Ioflupane is a widely used diagnostic tool for patients with suspected parkinsonian syndromes, as it assists with differentiating between Parkinson’s disease (PD) or atypical parkinsonisms and conditions without a presynaptic dopaminergic deficit such as essential tremor, vascular and drug-induced parkinsonisms. Recent evidence supports its utility as in vivo proof of degenerative parkinsonisms, and DAT imaging has been proposed as a potential surrogate marker for dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. However, the interpretation of DAT-SPECT imaging may be challenged by several factors including the loss of DAT receptor density with age and the effect of certain drugs on dopamine uptake. Furthermore, a clear, direct relationship between nigral loss and DAT decrease has been controversial so far. Striatal DAT uptake could reflect nigral neuronal loss once the loss exceeds 50%. Indeed, reduction of DAT binding seems to be already present in the prodromal stage of PD, suggesting both an early synaptic dysfunction and the activation of compensatory changes to delay the onset of symptoms. Despite a weak correlation with PD severity and progression, quantitative measurements of DAT binding at baseline could be used to predict the emergence of late-disease motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. This review addresses the possibilities and limitations of DAT-SPECT in PD and, focusing specifically on regulatory changes of DAT in surviving DA neurons, we investigate its role in diagnosis and its prognostic value for motor complications as disease progresses.

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Section: Dopamine Transporter Imaging: Role In Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Imaging of the Dopamine Transporter

Palermo

Ceravolo

2019

Cells

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“…Mutations in the α-syn gene were the first identified genetic cause of PD. Other most common mutations are in the gene glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and the lysine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK-2) gene [132]. α-syn is involved in the mitochondrial function and synaptic plasticity, highly concentrated in the nerve terminals and abnormally aggregated as Lewy bodies, which are the prominent component of PD [132].…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Parkinson's Disease (Pd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other most common mutations are in the gene glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and the lysine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK-2) gene [132]. α-syn is involved in the mitochondrial function and synaptic plasticity, highly concentrated in the nerve terminals and abnormally aggregated as Lewy bodies, which are the prominent component of PD [132]. Impaired proteasomal degradation of ubiquitin-C-terminal hydrolase-L1 and β-glucocerebrosidase [133,134] results in intraneuronal accumulation, misfolding, and phosphorylation at serine-129 of α-syn [135].…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Parkinson's Disease (Pd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the Gut–Brain Axis, Gut Microbial Composition, Diet, and Probiotic Intervention in Parkinson’s Disease

et al. 2022

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disease, affecting 1% of seniors worldwide. The gut microbiota (GM) is one of the key access controls for most diseases and disorders. Disturbance in the GM creates an imbalance in the function and circulation of metabolites, resulting in unhealthy conditions. Any dysbiosis could affect the function of the gut, consequently disturbing the equilibrium in the intestine, and provoking pro-inflammatory conditions in the gut lumen, which send signals to the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus enteric nervous system, possibly disturbing the blood–brain barrier. The neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain cause accumulation of α-syn, and progressively develop PD. An important aspect of understanding and treating the disease is access to broad knowledge about the influence of dietary supplements on GM. Probiotics are live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotic supplementation improves the function of the CNS, and improves the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Probiotic supplementation could be an adjuvant therapeutic method to manage PD. This review summarizes the role of GM in health, the GM–brain axis, the pathogenesis of PD, the role of GM and diet in PD, and the influence of probiotic supplementation on PD. The study encourages further detailed clinical trials in PD patients with probiotics, which aids in determining the involvement of GM, intestinal mediators, and neurological mediators in the treatment or management of PD.

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“…Although spectroscopic magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial sonography can also be used for ED of PD, their predictive value is low (3%). 58,64,65…”

Section: Noninvasive Neuroimagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: Illusion or reality?

Ugrumov

2020

CNS Neurosci Ther

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The fight against neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson's disease (PD), is a challenge of the 21st century. The low efficacy of treating patients is due to the late diagnosis and start of therapy, after the degeneration of most specific neurons and depletion of neuroplasticity. It is believed that the development of early diagnosis (ED) and preventive treatment will delay the onset of specific symptoms. This review evaluates methodologies for developing ED of PD. Since PD is a systemic disease, and the degeneration of certain neurons precedes that of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons that control motor function, the current methodology is based on searching biomarkers, such as premotor symptoms and changes in body fluids (BF) in patients. However, all attempts to develop ED were unsuccessful. Therefore, it is proposed to enhance the current methodology by (i) selecting among biomarkers found in BF in patients at the clinical stage those that are characteristics of animal models of the preclinical stage, (ii) searching biomarkers in BF in subjects at the prodromal stage, selected by detecting premotor symptoms and failure of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Moreover, a new methodology was proposed for the development of ED of PD using a provocative test, which is successfully used in internal medicine.

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Imaging of genetic and degenerative disorders primarily causing Parkinsonism

Cited by 6 publications

References 76 publications

Molecular Imaging of the Dopamine Transporter

Molecular Imaging of the Dopamine Transporter

Role of the Gut–Brain Axis, Gut Microbial Composition, Diet, and Probiotic Intervention in Parkinson’s Disease

Development of early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: Illusion or reality?

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