Imaging of the female urethral diverticulum

Use of trans‐labial ultrasound in the diagnosis of female urethral diverticula: A diagnostic option to be strongly considered

“…With the development of high‐resolution imaging techniques, computed tomography (CT), MRI and US were introduced for the evaluation of the anatomy and abnormalities of the female urethra . Recent studies have shown the high diagnostic accuracy of CT‐voiding urethrography, but, similar to the classic VCUG, bladder catheterization, patient voiding during the exam and the use of ionizing radiation are needed . MRI (with surface or endoluminal coils) may be considered the standard reference for diagnosing UD (Fig.…”

“…. While UD has been reported as a congenital abnormality, most cases are acquired and usually present in the third to fifth decade …”

“…While UD has been reported as a congenital abnormality, most cases are acquired and usually present in the third to fifth decade. 2,4 Causal factors include infection of the periurethral (Skene's) glands, urethral injury during childbirth, previous surgery and repetitive trauma. 5 Infection of these glands has been postulated as a cause of diverticulum formation, 6 , and the most frequent localization in the middle or distal third of the urethra, where the number of glands increased, supports this hypothesis.…”

MRI of female urethra and periurethral pathologies

“…Diverticula with thin connection, as well as alternate diagnoses, are unlikely to be detected using this type of imaging [12,13]. MRI not only helps diagnose the diverticulum but also helps detect any associated complications, such as superimposed infections, presence of calculi , or malignant transformation [14].…”

Urethral diverticulum with multiple calculi with presentation of urinary incontinence in a female — A case report and literature review

“…Compared to voiding cystourethrography and ultrasonography, high-resolution MRI has higher sensitivity and specificity, especially when differential diagnoses of urethral masses other than UD are present. 4,5 UD presenting with urolithiasis is uncommon, with an incidence of 1e10%. The etiology may be deposition, stasis of infected urine, or stone migration.…”