Imaging of thoracic outlet syndrome

Abstract

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a dynamically inducible neurovascular compression syndrome. Clinical diagnosis is often difficult and requires the use of imaging procedures. Imaging is essential in determining the anatomic stuctures undergoing compression, the location of the compression and the anatomic structures responsible for it. Radiographs of cervical spine should be obtained to assess for bone abnormalities. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and sonography in association with dynamic maneuvers are valuable techniques in analyzing the neurovascular compression.