“…Nanoparticles [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], including MPs are largely used in medicine [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. To our knowledge, we proposed using MPs for the first time in a series of preliminary studies [ 36 , 37 , 38 ] with the scope of obtaining a tighter connection between the composite material and the dental surface [ 39 , 40 ], compared with a conventional treatment. To demonstrate the effect of the MPs, dental adhesives with or without MPs are used in this study.…”