The Neuropilins (Nrps) are a family of essential cell surface receptors involved in multiple fundamental cellular signaling cascades. Nrp family members have key functions in VEGF-dependent angiogenesis and semaphorin-dependent axon guidance, controlling signaling and cross-talk between these fundamental physiological processes. More recently, Nrp function has been found in diverse signaling and adhesive functions, emphasizing their role as pleiotropic co-receptors. Pathological Nrp function has been shown to be important in aberrant activation of both canonical and alternative pathways. Here we review key recent insights into Nrp function in human health and disease.The Nrps 2 are essential cell surface receptors with pleiotropic function in human health, functioning in many key biological processes including in the cardiovascular, neuronal, and immune systems (1). The two Nrp family members, Nrp1 and Nrp2, are type I transmembrane proteins that are conserved in all vertebrates and are ϳ40% identical at the amino acid level with a conserved domain structure. The Nrp extracellular region possesses five structured domains that are essential for ligand binding, a single transmembrane domain, and a short intracellular domain that possesses a PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ)-binding motif (1).