Imbalances in the Study of the Relationship between Leisure and Self-Esteem: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This systematic review offers a comprehensive examination of the relationship between leisure and self-esteem. The different perspectives were analyzed according to a framework that includes the different approaches for defining and measuring leisure, and a similar one was proposed for self-esteem. Articles indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) up to the end of 2018 were reviewed, specifically those that contained the keywords “leisure”, “self-esteem” or “self esteem” anywhere in the manuscript. Articles that did not present the qualitative or quantitative instruments needed to evaluate leisure or self-esteem were excluded. A total of 49 articles included the final quantitative synthesis. The overall findings showed that the prevailing methodology was objective (external). As regards content, the following combinations predominated: the behavioral approach to leisure with the unidimensional approach to self-esteem and the experiential approach to leisure with the unidimensional approach to self-esteem. Less studies were observed with the combination of mixed approaches and more comprehensive analyses: the behavioral-experiential combined with the multidimensional. To conclude, this study shows there is a demand for further empirical studies that explore the relationships between leisure and self-esteem. It also identified which approaches are most desirable to expand our understanding of the relationships between leisure and self-esteem.

Compilation of the Psychological Resilience Scale for College Students

“…(2) Structural validity Through exploratory factor analysis, it was found that the structure of the scale was in line with previous expectations, ensuring that the scale had good structural validity. In this study, the KMO coefficient is 0.902, and the probability value of the Barrett sphericity test is 0.000, which is less than 0.01, indicating that the correlation matrix can be used for factor analysis [14]. Four factors were extracted using principal component analysis, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 61.497%.…”

Potential connection between positive frustration in family leisure time and the promotion of adolescent autonomy

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