Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and singlet oxygen (1 O 2) are important reactive oxygen species (ROS) for biological and medicinal fields. Oxidation processes of chemical materials by molecular oxygen are important H 2 O 2 source, whereas photochemical reaction is important for 1 O 2 production. Reactivity and biomolecule damage by these ROS depend on the surrounding conditions and targeting molecules. In this chapter, production mechanisms of H 2 O 2 and 1 O 2 , biomolecule oxidation by these ROS, their detection methods, and production control of 1 O 2 are briefly reviewed.