Immediate and mid-term effects of pyrimethanil toxicity on microalgae by simulating an episodic contamination

The Ecotoxicity of Pyrimethanil for Aquatic Biota

“…P. subcapitata cells exposed to samples from PYR-treated mesocosms taken at day 1 had their growth strongly inhibited, whereas the effects on cell growth were less pronounced at day 10, when PYR concentrations showed a reduction of 45% (0.78 mg L -1 ) in relation to day 1 (1.40 mg L -1 ). According to Shinn et al [14], these results indicate that depending on the concentration at which PYR reaches the affected aquatic system, immediate effects on phytoplankton species can be observed. However, assuming an interruption of the contamination by the fungicide, these same effects may become considerably attenuated in view of the dissipation of PYR from the aquatic compartment.…”

“…The commercial products that contain PYR as active ingredient are Clarinet ® , Mythos ® , Rubin ® , Scala ® , Siganex ® , Vision ® , and Walabi ® , which are currently used both pre-and post-harvest to protect various crops such as apple, banana, carrot, citrus, grape, melon, onion, potato, strawberry, and tomato [16,18,20, see also www.bayercropscience.com.br/Site/nossosprodutos/protecaodecultivosebiotecnologia/DetalheDoProduto.fss?Produto=44]. According to the EFSA report [17], PYR is rapidly excreted once orally absorbed, it has no potential to bioaccumulate, has a low acute toxicity, is not teratogenic and seems to have no neurotoxic effect; however, studies have observed acute and chronic toxicity for non-target organisms [7,14,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]] that converts PYR into an environmental disturber of concern. Unfortunately, despite the intensive agricultural use of PYR, there is not an exhaustive study regarding the effects on adjacent aquatic ecosystems.…”

“…Exposure time Also, toxicity tests with water from PYR-treated mesocosms (commercial formulation Mythos ® ; initial PYR concentration of 1.4 mg L -1 ) were performed with the microalgae P. subcapitata by Shinn et al [14]. In the latter study, water samples were taken at day 1 and 10 after PYR application to verify whether immediate effects and those after subsequent PYR dissipation, respectively, would be different.…”

“…Pyrimethanil (PYR) is one of the most used fungicides that has been detected in many aquatic ecosystems [5] and one of the most frequently used in European vineyards [9,10,11]. Such increase has heightened the interest in studying the potential risk and influence of PYR on the environment [3,5,[12][13][14].…”

Genetic Diversity Loss in Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera: Chironomidae) Exposed to Pyrimethanil Fungicide: an Analysis Using RAPD Technique

“…In the context of agricultural land use, the Pyrimethanil (4,6-dimethyl-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine) is one of the fungicides most widely used in monocultures and has been detected in aquatic ecosystems (Shinn et al 2015). According to the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Pyrimethanil has no potential to bioaccumulate, has a low acute toxicity, is not teratogenic, and seems to have no neurotoxic effect; however, studies have shown toxicity in bioindicator species (Müller et al 2012;Scherer et al 2013;Seeland et al 2013).…”