Immediate-Early Protein ME53 Forms Foci and Colocalizes with GP64 and the Major Capsid Protein VP39 at the Cell Membranes of Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus-Infected Cells

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Baculovirus occlusion-derived virus (ODV) initiates infection of lepidopteran larval hosts by binding to the midgut epithelia, which is mediated by per os infectivity factors (PIFs). Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) encodes seven PIF proteins, of which PIF1 to PIF4 form a core complex in ODV envelopes to which PIF0 and PIF6 loosely associate. Deletion of any pif gene results in ODV being unable to bind or enter midgut cells. AC83 also associates with the PIF complex, and this study further analyzed its role in oral infectivity to determine if it is a PIF protein. It had been proposed that AC83 possesses a chitin binding domain that enables transit through the peritrophic matrix; however, no chitin binding activity has ever been demonstrated. AC83 has been reported to be found only in the ODV envelopes, but in contrast, the Orgyia pseudotsugata MNPV AC83 homolog is associated with both ODV nucleocapsids and envelopes. In addition, unlike known pif genes, deletion of ac83 eliminates nucleocapsid formation. We propose a new model for AC83 function and show AC83 is associated with both ODV nucleocapsids and envelopes. We also further define the domain required for nucleocapsid assembly. The cysteine-rich region of AC83 is also shown not to be a chitin binding domain but a zinc finger domain required for the recruitment or assembly of the PIF complex to ODV envelopes. As such, AC83 has all the properties of a PIF protein and should be considered PIF8. In addition, pif7 (ac110) is reported as the 38th baculovirus core gene.IMPORTANCE ODV is essential for the per os infectivity of the baculovirus AcMNPV. To initiate infection, ODV binds to microvilli of lepidopteran midgut cells, a process which requires a group of seven virion envelope proteins called PIFs. In this study, we reexamined the function of AC83, a protein that copurifies with the ODV PIFs, to determine its role in the oral infection process. A zinc finger domain was identified and a new model for AC83 function was proposed. In contrast to previous studies, AC83 was found to be physically located in both the envelope and nucleocapsid of ODV. By deletion analysis, the AC83 domain required for nucleocapsid assembly was

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus AC83 is aPer OsInfectivity Factor (PIF) Protein Required for Occlusion-Derived Virus (ODV) and Budded Virus Nucleocapsid Assembly as well as Assembly of the PIF Complex in ODV Envelopes

Javed

Biswas

Willis

et al. 2017

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“…b Genomic DNA isolated from the cathϩϩ AcMNPV (10). c The pFACTGFP plasmid was described previously (11).…”

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confidence: 99%

Role of Interactions between Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Procathepsin and Chitinase Chitin-Binding or Active-Site Domains in Viral Cathepsin Processing

Hodgson

Arif

Krell

2013

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The binding of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus chitinase (CHIA) to viral cathepsin protease progenitor (proV-CATH) governs cellular/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) coretention of CHIA and proV-CATH, thus coordinating simultaneous cellular release of both host tissue-degrading enzymes upon host cell death. CHIA is a proposed proV-CATH folding chaperone because insertional inactivation of chiA causes production of proV-CATH aggregates that are incompetent for proteolytic maturation into active V-CATH enzyme. We wanted to determine whether the N-terminal chitin-binding domain (CBD, 149 residues) and C-terminal CHIA active-site domain (ASD, 402 residues) of CHIA bind to proV-CATH independently of one another and whether either domain is dispensable for CHIA's putative proV-CATH folding chaperone activity. We demonstrate that N-terminally green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused CHIA, ASD, and CBD each colocalize with proV-CATH-RFP in ER-like patterns and that both ASD and CBD independently associate with proV-CATH in vivo using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and in vitro using reciprocal nickel-histidine pulldown assays. Altogether, the data from colocalization, BiFC, and reciprocal copurification analyses suggest specific and independent interactions between proV-CATH and both domains of CHIA. These data also demonstrate that either CHIA domain is dispensable for normal proV-CATH processing. Furthermore, in contrast to prior evidence suggesting that a lack of chiA expression causes proV-CATH to become aggregated, insoluble, and unable to mature into V-CATH, a chiA deletion bacmid virus we engineered to express just v-cath produced soluble proV-CATH that was prematurely secreted from cells and proteolytically matured into active V-CATH enzyme.

“…Intracellular localization of ME53 revealed a switch from an early cytoplasmic localization to a nuclear localization later during infection (11). The fact that ME53 localized only to the cytoplasm early in infection suggested the lack of an NLS in ME53.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Similarly, while ME53 localizes primarily to the cytoplasm early postinfection, it adopts a nuclear localization at late times. Moreover, ME53 nuclear translocation is infection dependent, as plasmid-expressed ME53 remains only cytoplasmic (11). This suggests that ME53, which lacks an identifiable NLS, is more likely to rely on a late nuclear protein to escort ME53 to the nucleus.…”

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confidence: 89%

“…Fractionation of budded virions further demonstrated that ME53 associates exclusively with the nucleocapsid and not with the envelope (10). Moreover, besides colocalizing at foci in the cell membrane along with the viral major envelope protein GP64 in an infection-and GP64-dependent manner, ME53 also translocates into the nucleus in the late phase (11). Since ME53 translocates to the nucleus, we were interested in identifying the amino acid sequence responsible for this.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nuclear Translocation Sequence and Region in Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus ME53 That Are Important for Optimal Baculovirus Production

Liu

Jong

Nagy

et al. 2016

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Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is in the family Baculoviridae, genus Alphabaculovirus. AcMNPV me53 is a highly conserved immediate early gene in all lepidopteran baculoviruses that have been sequenced and is transcribed up to late times postinfection. Although me53 is not essential for viral DNA synthesis, infectious budded virus (BV) production is greatly attenuated when it is deleted. ME53 associates with the nucleocapsid on both budded virus and occlusionderived virus, but not with the virus envelope. ME53 colocalizes in plasma membrane foci with the envelope glycoprotein GP64 in a GP64-dependent manner. ME53 localizes in the cytoplasm early postinfection, and despite the lack of a reported nuclear localization signal (NLS), ME53 translocates to the nucleus at late times postinfection. To map determinants of ME53 that facilitate its nuclear translocation, recombinant AcMNPV bacmids containing a series of ME53 truncations, internal deletions, and peptides fused with hemagglutinin (HA) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) tags were constructed. Intracellular-localization studies identified residues within amino acids 109 to 137 at the N terminus of ME53 that acted as the nuclear translocation sequence (NTS), facilitating its nuclear transport at late times postinfection. The first 100 N-terminal amino acids and the last 50 C-terminal amino acids of ME53 are dispensable for high levels of budded virus production. The region within amino acids 101 to 398, which also contains the NTS, is critical for optimal levels of budded virus production. IMPORTANCEBaculovirus me53 is a conserved immediate early gene found in all sequenced lepidopteran alpha-and betabaculoviruses. We first identified residues within amino acids 109 to 137 at the N terminus that act as the ME53 nuclear translocation sequence (NTS) to facilitate its nuclear translocation and defined an internal region within amino acids 101 to 398, which includes the NTS, as being necessary for optimal budded virus production. Altogether, these results indicate a previously unidentified nuclear role that ME53 plays in virus replication. The Baculoviridae are a family of insect DNA viruses that infect insects, mostly from the order Lepidoptera but also from the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera. Baculoviruses are characterized by a circular double-stranded DNA genome ranging from 80 to 180 kb in size, packaged within a rod-shaped capsid and enclosed by a lipid envelope (1).The viral DNA genome is uncoated into the nucleus, followed by virus gene transcription, DNA replication, and eventually nucleocapsid assembly in the nucleus prior to budding from the cells or occlusion into polyhedra (2, 3). Baculovirus gene expression and regulation follow a temporal cascade. Immediate early genes are transcribed first within 30 min postinfection, followed by transactivation of viral early genes (4). The early gene products then allow viral DNA replication and late/very late gene transcription (5, 6). Late and very late gene transcription is ...