“…our results agree with the results of Chys et al (2023). The CPM effect in the DNG was higher after the intervention compared to the baseline level, but this study did not show a superior immediate effect of DN compared to placebo needle on CPM in patients with chronic idiopathic neck pain [ 89 ]. It seems that the unpleasant stimulus of DN acts as a conditioning stimulus and can potentially reduce or even eliminate some CS-related symptoms by activating various endogenous systems such as the opioid system and the descending serotonergic inhibitory pathway.…”