Immersive Surgical Anatomy of the Craniometric Points

Abstract

Craniometric points (CPs) have been used in neurosciences since the 1800s. Localization of the CPs allows for the identification of crucial intracranial structures. Despite the contribution of advanced technology to surgery, the knowledge of these points remains crucial for surgical planning and intraoperative orientation. The understanding of these crucial points can be facilitated with the use of three-dimensional technology combined with anatomical dissections. The present study is part of a stereoscopic collection of volumetric models (VMs) obtained from cadaveric dissections that depict the relevant anatomy of the CPs. Five embalmed heads and two dry skulls have been used to depict these points. After the anatomical dissection, stereoscopic images and VMs were generated to show the correlation between external and internal landmarks. The CPs identified were divided into sutures, suture junctions, prominences and depressions, and cortical surface landmarks. The VMs represent an interactive way to define these points easily and their correlation with different intracranial structures (vascular structure, ventricle cavity, and Brodmann's areas).

Intraoperative Augmented Reality for Complex Glioma Resection: A Case Report

“…In cranial neurosurgery, the use of augmented reality has predominantly been limited to preoperative visualization [15][16][17]. In particular, the technology is traditionally used prior to the start of a case in order to visualize complex anatomy in 3D.…”

Cranial and Cerebral Anatomic Key Points for Neurosurgery: A New Educational Insight

“…18,25 To catch the mind of young student generations, we could move forward in the digital world and propose a cranial and cerebral key points description using new attractive pedagogical tools, such as stereoscopic 3D videos, 3D photogrammetry, 26 360 photography, 27 3D printing, 28-30 and even immersive and virtual reality. 31-34 Augmented reality could also be useful to project key points on the real-time operative theater. 35…”

“…18,25 To catch the mind of young student generations, we could move forward in the digital world and propose a cranial and cerebral key points description using new attractive pedagogical tools, such as stereoscopic 3D videos, 3D photogrammetry, 26 360 photography, 27 3D printing, [28][29][30] and even immersive and virtual reality. [31][32][33][34] Augmented reality could also be useful to project key points on the real-time operative theater. 35 Moreover, one should think about changing the teaching of neuroanatomy; these cranial and cerebral key points could be a part of further workshops focusing on neurosurgical anatomy and preoperative planning and could be included in board certification or any final examination of main approaches in neurosurgery (Table 2).…”

Computational Intelligence in Metric Analysis of the Skull in the Context of Maxillofacial Surgery

“…The Lefort 1 osteotomy allows for the movement in all three planes and its monitoring needs analysis of specific facial locations. The position of the craniometric landmarks [13], [37] in the 3D model of the skulls before and after therapy were determined by the Invivo Anatomage software. All cone beam computed tomography examinations were indicated for surgical and orthodontic treatment.…”