Immersive Tendency, Feeling of Presence, and Simulator Sickness: Formulation of a Causal Model

Jerome, Christian J.; Witmer, Bob G.

doi:10.1177/154193120204602620

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Principal-components factor analysis is just one tool that may help to better understand the factors underlying the concept. Although less well known than factor analysis, structural equation modeling is another tool that may aid in discovering the relationships among the variables underlying presence, and perhaps also the relationship between presence and other variables such as simulator sickness, individual immersive tendencies, or performance (Jerome & Witmer, 2002). Measures of presence, including the PQ, must be tested and retested if we are to have confidence in their validity.…”

Section: Need For Additional Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Factor Structure of the Presence Questionnaire

Witmer

Jerome

Singer

2005

Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments

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327

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Constructing a valid measure of presence and discovering the factors that contribute to presence have been much sought after goals of presence researchers and at times have generated controversy among them. This paper describes the results of principal-components analyses of Presence Questionnaire (PQ) data from 325 participants following exposure to immersive virtual environments. The analyses suggest that a 4-factor model provides the best fit to our data. The factors are Involvement, Adaptation/Immersion, Sensory Fidelity, and Interface Quality. Except for the Adaptation/Immersion factor, these factors corresponded to those identified in a cluster analysis of data from an earlier version of the questionnaire. The existence of an Adaptation/Immersion factor leads us to postulate that immersion is greater for those individuals who rapidly and easily adapt to the virtual environment. The magnitudes of the correlations among the factors indicate moderately strong relationships among the 4 factors. Within these relationships, Sensory Fidelity items seem to be more closely related to Involvement, whereas Interface Quality items appear to be more closely related to Adaptation/Immersion, even though there is a moderately strong relationship between the Involvement and Adaptation/Immersion factors.

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Section: Need For Additional Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Factor Structure of the Presence Questionnaire

Witmer

Jerome

Singer

2005

Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments

Self Cite

586

327

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“…The effectiveness of the system is thought to be linked to the sense of presence 9 as it allows the user to have a more meaningful, richer experience within the medium. It is hypothesised that the sense of presence is affected by a number of factors 9À11 that include: * the quality of the interface, * pictorial realism, * distraction, * task, * sensory fidelity, * subject involvement, * immersion, * cognitive style, Presence is thought to be inversely related to simulator sickness, 9 the subjects who have a greater involvement and immersion in the artificial 3D world having a tendency to experience less simulator sickness. The more sickness symptoms subjects experience the more distracted and less presence they will feel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Presence, which can be defined as the extent to which the participants’ senses are engaged by the virtual world, is another important factor in the use of virtual environments. The effectiveness of the system is thought to be linked to the sense of presence 9 as it allows the user to have a more meaningful, richer experience within the medium. It is hypothesised that the sense of presence is affected by a number of factors 9 – 11 that include:the quality of the interface,pictorial realism,distraction,task,sensory fidelity,subject involvement,immersion,cognitive style,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary findings on the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) system: simulator sickness and presence

Flinton

White

2009

J Radiother Pract

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Background: Virtual environments in medical education are becoming increasingly popular as a learning tool. However, there is a large amount of evidence linking these systems to adverse effects that mimic motion sickness. It is also proposed that the efficacy of such systems is affected by how well they engage the user, which is often referred to as presence.Purpose: This primary purpose of this study was to look at the side effects experienced and presence in the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) system which has recently been introduced.Method: A pre-VERT questionnaire was given to 84 subjects to ascertain general health of the subjects. The simulator sickness questionnaire was utilised to determine the side effects experienced, whereas the igroup presence questionnaire was used to measure presence. Both questionnaires were given immediately after use of the VERT system. Results:The majority of symptoms were minor; the two most commonly reported symptoms relating to ocular issues. No relationship was seen between simulator sickness and presence although subjects with a higher susceptibility to travel sickness had reported higher levels of disorientation and nausea. There was also a decrease in involvement with the system in subjects with a higher susceptibility to travel sickness.

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“…If an individual experiences emotional reactions in a digital learning environment, they may engage in the learning process 42. Previous studies43 44 have also suggested that the tendency to experience sense of presence may depend on an individual’s personal characteristics. Witmer and Singer43 defined that immersion tendency is as an individual’s disposition to becoming involved in mediated environments.…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the efficacy of a virtual reality-based safety training and human factors training method: study protocol for a randomised-controlled trial

et al. 2019

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BackgroundThe construction industry has a high risk of occupational accidents and injuries. More randomised controlled trials are needed to identify effective techniques for improving the occupational safety of construction sector workers. New technologies such as virtual reality (VR) offer the potential to develop engaging learning tools for safety training. Although the number of VR applications in occupational safety training is increasing, only a few studies have evaluated the learning outcomes of VR safety training. Furthermore, previous studies indicate that learning to recognise human factors at work has positive outcomes for safety skills. However, there is lack of knowledge regarding the efficacy of human factors-related training in the construction industry.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and the implementation process of a VR-based safety training and a human factors-related safety training.MethodsIn Finland, 8 study organisations and approximately 130 construction sector workers will participate in a randomised controlled trial. The study participants will be randomly assigned to one of four intervention arms: (1) immersive VR safety training alone, (2) lecture-based safety training alone, (3) combined immersive VR safety training and HF Tool training or (4) combined lecture-based safety training and HF Tool training. We will test the efficacy of the safety training processes in these four arms. Randomisation of study participants is stratified by work experience. Baseline assessment will take place before randomisation. The short-term follow-up measurements of all study participants will be conducted immediately after the VR safety training and lecture-based safety training. The study participants will complete second measurements immediately after the HF Tool training approximately 1 month after previous safety training. The second measurement of the intervention arms 1 and 2 study participants will be conducted during the same week as that of the intervention arms 3 and 4 participants, who will not take part in the HF Tool training. Finally, semistructured individual interviews will be conducted to evaluate the learning process.Outcome measuresOutcome measures include safety knowledge, safety locus of control, safety self-efficacy, perceived control over safety issues, safety-related outcome expectancies, safety motivation and safety performance.DiscussionStudy results will provide knowledge on the efficacy of VR safety training and human factors-related safety training. Furthermore, study provides knowledge on pedagogical techniques that can be used to guide future intervention plans and development.Trial registration numberISRCTN55183871.

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Immersive Tendency, Feeling of Presence, and Simulator Sickness: Formulation of a Causal Model

Cited by 24 publications

References 8 publications

The Factor Structure of the Presence Questionnaire

The Factor Structure of the Presence Questionnaire

Preliminary findings on the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) system: simulator sickness and presence

Evaluation of the efficacy of a virtual reality-based safety training and human factors training method: study protocol for a randomised-controlled trial

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