Immigrant Residential Segregation

Abstract

Immigrant residential segregation is the physical or geographic separation of two or more socially constructed groups into residential spaces, usually neighborhoods, and when at least one of the groups is constituted by international migrants in comparison to another group, usually the native nonimmigrant majority. This is a form of segregation that sorts immigrant groups into different social and urban spaces across cities, regions, or metropolitan areas. The residential patterns of immigrant groups in receiving contexts has been a field of continuous interest and research for social scientists in contemporary North American and Western European societies. Since the 1960s, the growing urbanization and ethnoracial diversity of foreign‐born migrants and their offspring have raised empirical questions and theoretical frameworks about their spatial distribution and socioeconomic or demographic characteristics compared to native‐born populations. Immigrant residential segregation varies across and within countries and social groups, and happens for several reasons, including housing market discrimination and individual choices.

A practical approach to the sampling, fixation, softening, and sectioning of whole honey bees for histologic evaluation

“…One concern regarding the fixation of invertebrates is the potential for delayed fixation of internal soft tissues as a result of delayed penetration of fixatives through the chitinous exoskeletons. 2,26 Minimizing the time between submersion in formalin and transection of body segments (e.g., trimming body segments into cassettes) may enable faster penetration of internal tissues by the formalin and, thus, result in higher quality tissue sections and cellular detail. We found no difference in sections from honey bees that were trimmed into cassettes within 2 h of submersion into formalin and those routinely fixed for a minimum of 24 h (as whole honey bees) before trimming into cassettes.…”

“…Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton that may impede formalin penetration of internal tissues. 2,26 Further, the chitinous exoskeleton can result in artifactual fracturing of tissue when sectioned after paraffin embedding given that the exoskeleton is the first structure through which the microtome blade must pass. Depending on the goal of the research, artifactual fracturing of tissues could be avoided by dissecting out individual target organs for microscopic evaluation.…”

“…The protocols may also be complex and often impractical for most routine histology and research laboratories. 2,10,20 This challenge extends beyond honey bees; larger invertebrates present more substantial challenges with increasingly thick cuticles, as in, for example, tarantulas, for which the commercially available Nair, an at-home hair removal agent, has been used to successfully soften the chitinous exoskeleton. 20…”