Immigration, Race & Political Polarization

Abstract

Americans' views of immigration are substantially more positive than political discourse since 2010 might suggest. And they are becoming more positive. So too are Whites' views of Blacks, as racial resentment declined from 2010 to 2018. Views of immigration and race became more correlated over the last twenty years. And both are more correlated with political party preference now than at any time on record. While Republicans' views of immigration and their racial resentment have changed very little since 2010, Democrats' views of immigration have become far more positive and their racial resentment has declined substantially. The consequences of these trends were borne out dramatically in the 2016 presidential election. In combination, the two attitudes predict well who voted for Trump and who voted for Clinton. These trends and correlations make clear that xenophobic Americans are not ascendant, they are desperate. The dynamics of race, immigration, and polarization tilt in favor of both more immigration and a more progressive view of racial disparities.

The Context of Immigrant Reception in the American South

“…The figure shows that there has been a liberalization in immigration attitudes in both the established destination states and the South among U.S.-born Whites, which accords with other research on progressive trends in immigration attitudes (Hout and Maggio 2021; Jones 2019). Although this is not the main focus of this study, it is important to note that this liberalization in the South means that U.S.-born Whites in the South in 2016 were more progressive on the question of support for a pathway to legal status for those meeting certain requirements than those in established destination states were in 2010 (46.1 percent vs. 37.3 percent) and the same holds for the question of support for border patrol (61.4 percent vs. 64.5 percent).…”

“…They are less likely to identify with the Republican Party, have higher levels of education, and live in denser zip codes. All of these factors have been found to be correlated with more liberal immigration attitudes (Citrin et al 1997; Fennelly and Federico 2008; Hainmueller and Hiscox 2010; Hainmueller, Hiscox, and Margalit 2015; Hout and Maggio 2021; Jones 2019). For U.S.-born Blacks, there is less variation for Republican identification (which is very low regardless) before and after adding the Hispanic and Asian population weights, but Blacks living in more highly Hispanic and Asian zip codes are more highly educated and live in more urban environments as measured by population density.…”

“…The current American political climate may not sit comfotably with some of the findings described above, nor do recent and tragic hate crimes, and concerns about backlash and conservative reactions to demographic change are well documented in recent literature (Craig and Richeson 2014, 2018; Wetts and Willer 2018). These are of course important and serious concerns, but more general improvements in American immigration attitudes provide an alternative picture (Hout and Maggio 2021; Jones 2019). Similarly, people living in places where immigrant-origin groups are moving in the South appear to have less aversion to immigration than the overall Southern immigration attitudes picture might imply.…”

“…Various research has demonstrated education to be a key predictor of immigration attitudes, with scholars debating whether cultural or economic factors are more important in accounting for this relationship (see Hainmueller and Hopkins 2014 for a review of the literature). A clear partisan divide has also emerged on immigration attitudes, with Republicans demonstrating more restrictionism (Hout and Maggio 2021; Jones 2019). In addition, those choosing to move to or stay in a particular area may do so specifically because they wish to live in a diverse place or are at least more tolerant of diversity (Gould 2000).…”

Unmasking the Effects of Teachers Whistleblowing Some Attributes on Implementing Stem Education: National Curriculum Document 2006 Perspective

“…These factors are interlinked with each other and bring change in human behaviour. These are individuals owns embedded learning abilities and responses towards innovative behaviour based on the received supply of the information (Lee, The concept of emotional labour is interconnected with the work of eminent sociologist Hochschild put forwarded in the era of 1983 (Ford, 2021;Hochschild, 2012;Hout & Maggio, 2021). Emotional labour is a burning construct (Ogunsola et al, 2020) that assist employees to identify the institutional quality of association with peers (Gabriel et al, 2015;Hofmann & Stokburger-Sauer, 2017), the procedure of coping sentiment, and passion representing task development (Zou & Dahling, 2017), capable apprentice to put constructive/destructive effects on workers surface performance (Andrew et al, 2016) and proficient employees to interpret their emotions at their workplace (Horner et al, 2019) following assigned set standards (Richard et al, 2016).…”