Immiscible bi-metal single-atoms driven synthesis of electrocatalysts having superb mass-activity and durability

Ru/RuO2 Nanoparticle Composites with N-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution

“…As a potential HER electrocatalyst, ruthenium (Ru) ,,, appeared to be comparable to the most efficient HER activity reported for Pt single atoms loading , (as its price is about 30% of that of Pt). Recently, a series of Ru single atom and nanoparticles with nitrogen doped carbon displayed excellent HER catalytic activities. − Harzandi et al fabricated Ru and Cu single atoms dispersed on N-doped graphitic-matrix for high HER performance and long-term stability (over 600 h) in acidic media . Tiwari et al reported that Ru single atoms and nanoparticles embedded in the N-doped carbon can achieve a quite low overpotential (≤10 mV) in acidic and alkaline electrolytes .…”

Advancement of Platinum (Pt)-Free (Non-Pt Precious Metals) and/or Metal-Free (Non-Precious-Metals) Electrocatalysts in Energy Applications: A Review and Perspectives

“…The environmental issues due to the emission of greenhouse gases and other toxic gases, as well as the increasing global energy demand, led scientists to explore alternate clean energy sources. Hydrogen has been considered as a promising clean energy, which can be produced by means of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). − The Pt-based electrocatalysts have been widely used to catalyze the HER, but the use of Pt has been limited by its low abundance and high cost. Therefore, researchers have been focused on the exploration of Earth-abundant and cost-effective HER catalysts in recent years, − for example, MoNi 4 , CoP, Fe x Co 1− x P, Ni 2 P, Fe(0), MoS 2 , − transition-metal chalcogenides (WS 2 , WTe 2 , TiSe 2 , NbS 2 , VSe 2 , NbSe 2 , TaS 2 ), MoTe 2 , W 2 C, carbon as metal-free catalysts, , MoSe 2 , Mo 2 C, Ni 3 E 2 (E = S, Se, Te), NiP, MoP, CoSe 2 , CoS 2 , M 3 C (M: Fe, Co, Ni), etc.…”

“…However, most of the electrocatalysts are unsuitable for use in the same electrolyte, because of the mismatch of pH ranges in which the catalysts are stable and catalytically active. Ni 2 P was first reported as an electrocatalyst for water splitting in 2013 . Since then, many transition-metal phosphides have been explored as potential electrocatalysts for OER, , HER, ,,, and overall water splitting. − The bifunctionality of transition-metal phosphides arises from their respective ability to catalyze the HER and precatalyze the OER …”

“…Ni 2 P was first reported as an electrocatalyst for water splitting in 2013 . Since then, many transition-metal phosphides have been explored as potential electrocatalysts for OER, , HER, ,,, and overall water splitting. − The bifunctionality of transition-metal phosphides arises from their respective ability to catalyze the HER and precatalyze the OER …”

Design Strategies of Transition‐Metal Phosphate and Phosphonate Electrocatalysts for Energy‐Related Reactions

“…Moreover, a much higher ORR activity can be obtained through combining with conducting carbon materials such as graphene nanosheets, carbon nanotubes or N-doped carbons. [75,[118][119][120] The carbon materials can improve the conductivity and prevent the aggregation tendency of metal phosphate nanoparticles, thus promoting the ORR activity. Particularly, the carbon deriving from N-containing polymer or phosphonate-based MOF via high-temperature thermal treatment can lead to the in situformed N-doped graphitic carbons, which is found can be coupling with metal phosphates to synergistically catalyze the ORR.…”