Immobilisation of Radioactive Waste in Glass

Ojovan, Michael I.; Lee, W.E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-099392-8.00017-6

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The borate glass structure comprises [BO 4 ] and [BO 3 ] units, which mainly form its skeleton [31]. The FTIR spectrum of a borate glass is generally distributed into three principal regions [7]-(1) 600-800 cm −1 (bending vibrations of different borate arrangements), (2) 800-1200 cm −1 (vibrations corresponding to [BO 4 ] units), and (3) 1200-1500 cm −1 (vibrations corresponding to [BO 3 ] units).…”

Section: Fourier Transform Infrared (Ftir) Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Optical Modifications in the BaO-ZnO-LiF-B2O3-Yb2O3 Glass System after γ-Irradiation

et al. 2021

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A Yb3+-doped borate glass system was examined for the structural and optical modifications after γ-irradiation. Among the studied 10BaO-20ZnO-20LiF-(50-x)B2O3-xYb2O3 (x = 0.1, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 mol%) glasses, the 10BaO-20ZnO-20LiF-49.9B2O3-0.1Yb2O3 glass showed the highest thermoluminescence intensity, trap density, and trap depth. The glass was irradiated with the optimum γ-dose of 1 kGy towards the analysis of radiation-induced defects. The amorphous nature was preserved before and after irradiation. The glass density slightly increased after irradiation. The structural rearrangement was evident from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy by the appearance and disappearance of some bonds after γ-irradiation. The transformation of [BO4] units into [BO3] units and non-bridging oxygens was deduced. The color of the glass darkened after irradiation and the optical absorption intensity enhanced between 250 and 700 nm. The optical bandgap reduced and Urbach energy increased upon γ-dose exposure. The electron spin resonance of the irradiated glass exhibited two signals at g = 2.0167 and g = 1.9938, corresponding to the non-bridging oxygen hole center and Boron E’-center, respectively.

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Section: Fourier Transform Infrared (Ftir) Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and Optical Modifications in the BaO-ZnO-LiF-B2O3-Yb2O3 Glass System after γ-Irradiation

et al. 2021

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“…Borosilicate glass and soda lime glass are commonly used in pharmaceutical packaging. Ojovan (Ojovan and Lee, 2014) found that the tendency to leach increase as the ratio of alkali metal oxide such as Na 2 O, K 2 O, and Li 2 O in borosilicate glass increases. Glass with high ratios of Al 2 O 3 tends to resist leaching of elemental impurities into contact solutions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Derivation of the toxicological threshold of silicon element in the extractables and leachables from the pharmaceutical packaging and process components

Hao

Wang

Sun³

et al. 2022

Toxicol Ind Health

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Silicon is one of the most monitored elements in extractables and leachables studies of pharmaceutical packaging systems and related components. There is a need to review and evaluate toxicological thresholds of silicon because of its direct contact with drug products (DP) especially a liquid form of DP with the widely used pharmaceutical packaging systems made of silicon materials like glass and silicone. It is required by regulatory authorities to test silicon content in DP; however, there are no official guidelines on the toxicology of silicon that are currently available, yet the knowledge of toxicological thresholds of silicon is critical to justify the analytical limit of quantification (LOQ). Therefore, we reviewed the toxicity of silicon to derive a toxicological threshold by literature review of toxicity studies of both inorganic and organic silicon compounds. Oral toxicity is low for inorganic silicon like silicon dioxide or organic silicon polymers such as silicone tube/silicone oil (polydimethylsiloxane, or namely, PDMS as the major ingredient). In comparison, inhalational toxicity of silicon dioxide leads to pulmonary silicosis or even lung cancer. When orally administered, the toxicity of silicon dioxide, glass, polymers, or PDMS oligomers varies depending on their morphology, molecular weight (MW), and degrees of polymerization. PDMS with high MW has minimal toxic symptoms with non-detectable degradation/elimination by both intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration routes, while exposure to either PDMS or small molecule dimethyl silicone compounds by the intravenous administration route may lead to death. We here determined a general parenteral permitted daily exposure (PDE) of 93 μg/day for inorganic silicon element and 100 μg/day for organic silicon element by reviewing toxicological data of both forms of silicon. In conclusion, this work provides evidence for pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies on the PDEs of silicon elements in pharmaceutical packaging and process components through a variety of administration routes.

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“…33,34 At temperatures above 600 C, B in glass assumes trigonal plane coordination, which is unstable and can be easily leached out using acid. 35,36 We speculate that at elevated temperatures, such as in inductively-coupled plasma, some of the B from the aspirated solution is implanted into the silica structure of the As different strengths of nitric acid can leach out different amounts of B from the torch glass, we tested different concentrations of nitric acid as washes. We found that B solutions made with water generate about 20% less signal than those made with dilute nitric acid, therefore even though lower apparent background readings can be obtained by a water wash, this is likely due to signal suppression rather than effective removal of the B memory.…”

Section: Sample Dissolution Methods and Instrumental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into the source of the boron memory effect and implications for accurate boron isotope measurements

Cai

Chen

et al. 2023

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale:The boron (B) memory effect is a concern for B isotope analysis in inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and a potential cause of poor data comparability between laboratories. It is widely assumed that the memory resides in water droplets on the surface of the spray chamber. However, even without the use of the spray chamber, background subtractions are still required to generate accurate data, therefore additional causes for the memory effect exist, which are investigated here.Methods: Different parts of the mass spectrometer were examined to pinpoint the source of a particularly high B background. After identifying the torch as the source of the background, different parts of the torch were soaked in dilute nitric acid, which was analyzed for B over time.Results: B was leached out of the tip of the outer quartz tube of the torch in a fashion similar to borosilicate glass, which suggests the incorporation of B into the silica structure of the torch at high temperatures. Running 3% nitric acid washes effectively reduces the background. B background compositions change based on the solutions run beforehand, therefore different blank subtraction methods generate systematic differences. A new background subtraction method that utilizes B isotope ratios improved the precision by up to 0.14‰. The addition of a water wash step before sample elution led to smaller eluent volumes and improved matrix matching without causing a B breakthrough.Conclusions: An important part of the B memory derives from the torch glass, which incorporates B from sample solutions at high temperatures. Multiple nitric acid washes, matrix matching, blank subtraction, and standard sample bracketing generated accurate B isotope analyses with background/signal ratios as high as 10%, without the need for hazardous chemicals as washes. B isotope values of two sediment standards that represent average post-Archean continental crust were reported. | INTRODUCTIONBoron (B) is highly soluble in water. Its two isotopes, 10 B and 11 B, partition differently between borate and boric acid, the two dominant species of boron in aqueous solutions. [1][2][3][4][5] Because the proportion of borate and boric acid changes according to the pH of the environment, the 10 B/ 11 B ratio is widely used to investigate processes that involve water, including the weathering process, 6-8 ocean pH changes, 9-11 tectonic processes, 12-14 and ore formation. [15][16][17] Multicollector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) permits high throughput of B isotope measurements. However, relatively elevated and persistent instrumental B background between samples, or the B memory effect, remains a common concern. This memory effect is generally attributed to B(OH) 3 vapor from previously nebulized solutions that become entrained in droplets coating the walls of the spray chambers. [18][19][20] The use of demountable

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Immobilisation of Radioactive Waste in Glass

Cited by 17 publications

References 1 publication

Structural and Optical Modifications in the BaO-ZnO-LiF-B2O3-Yb2O3 Glass System after γ-Irradiation

Structural and Optical Modifications in the BaO-ZnO-LiF-B2O3-Yb2O3 Glass System after γ-Irradiation

Derivation of the toxicological threshold of silicon element in the extractables and leachables from the pharmaceutical packaging and process components

New insights into the source of the boron memory effect and implications for accurate boron isotope measurements

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