Immobilization of Amano AK Lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens on Novel Silk Microfiber using Oxone®: Parameter Optimization for Enzymatic Assays and use in Esterification of Residual Palm Oil

Abstract

Background: Biodiesel has been shown to be effectively produced by immobilized enzymatic catalysts. The selection of support material is a prominent factor for obtaining an efficient lipase. Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural polymer, produced by glands of some arthropods, especially by the Bombyx mor, attracting attention for immobilization lipase attention. Objective: This paper presents a novel method to obtain silk microfibers (SMF) from Oxone® salt in water, used as support for Amano AK lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens in biodiesel production from deodorization distillate of palm oil (DDPO). Method: The oxone® salt in the presence of Ca2+ ions act as a mineralizing agent in the peptide bonds present in silk fibroin, altering some of its physical and chemical properties, such as zeta potential, crystallinity, micro-morphology, infrared spectroscopic profile, and showing formation or absence of SF original connections. Results: The modified support was tested as a support alternative for the immobilization of Amano AK lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Enzyme activity values indicated that lipase immobilization on SMF was efficient as a heterogeneous catalyst in the esterification of DDPO (deodorization distillate palm oil). Conclusion: The effect of some reaction parameters, such as catalyst concentration, molar ratio, temperature, and reaction time, was studied to optimize the conditions for maximum conversion of DDPO (40.5%).

Chitin and Silk Fibroin Biopolymers Modified by Oxone: Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for Knoevenagel Reaction

“…The triple salt potassium peroxymonosulfate (2KHSO 5 •KHSO 4 •K 2 SO 4 ) known as Oxone ® is an effective oxidant agent. Oxone ® salt was used to obtain spherical crystalline chitin nanoparticles [21] and silk microfibers [9][10][11], and represents an easy and eco-friendly procedure because of its stability and water solubility, its low cost, its less toxic 'green' nature, its non-polluting by-products, and its cost-effectiveness [2,10,12,[21][22][23].…”

“…One of the biopolymers used in the organic reactions as support [9] or a catalyst [10,11] is silk fibroin, a natural macromolecular protein with a block copolymer structure formed of large hydrophobic domains and small hydrophilic spacers. It has strong mechanical properties, is a versatile material for biotechnology processes, and contains accessible functional groups for chemical modifications, making it favorable for the development of new biocatalysts or supports [2,[9][10][11].…”

“…An important parameter optimized in the reaction using immobilized biopolymers was catalyst loading. To achieve this, three different amounts (10,20, and 30% w/w) of SF-Ox and CT-Ox were tested (Figure 2). The data confirmed a gradual increase in 2a yield in accordance with the mass of immobilized biopolymer used.…”

Glycerol and microwave-assisted catalysis: recent progress in batch and flow devices

“…1,2 First-generation biomass feedstocks are cultivated crops purposely for energy production, and in contrast, the issue of competition for food security arises. 14 Then comes the possibility of using second-generation raw materials from agricultural residues, 15 animals, 16–19 edible vegetables, 4,20,21 industrial 20,22–31 and domestic. 10,32,33 And third and fourth-generation raw materials are microalgae.…”

Valorization of Deodorizing Distillate Palm Oil Residue for Larvicidal Activity Against Aedes aegypti and Synergistic Effect of Their Free Fatty Acids

“…This residue contains high levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) around 84% [3][4][5], in addition to tocopherols, squalene, and sterols [2]. Although many studies on the use of DDPO have focused on the synthesis of biodiesel [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], and biolubricant [12], as they make it possible to reduce the costs of production of renewable products, due to the use of low-grade raw material, it adds value to the residue and makes it possible to produce biodiesel and lubricant through a "clean" and environmentally compatible technology.…”