“…Despite the previously mentioned benefits, the enzyme-catalyzed transformation of tannin using tannase still faces several key challenges. For example, the complicated purification process, high production cost, insufficient enzyme stability, limited enzyme selectivity or specificity, low tolerance in the presence of inhibitors, finite application conditions, and inability to recycle after every use of free forms make this approach unsustainable for the long-term usage in industrial applications. , In this situation, immobilization of enzymes on a solid support is regarded as an effective strategy to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. − Stable supports for tannase immobilization include calcium alginate beads, − chitosan, manganese nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and silica oxide nanoparticles . The immobilization yield and reusability have been improved to a certain extent, but some major drawbacks remain.…”