Immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells using carrageenan as matrix

Abstract

Conditions for the gelation k-carrageenan, which is a new polymer for immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells, were investigated in detail. k-Carrageenan was easily induced to gel by contact with metal ions, amines, amino acid derivatives, and water-miscible organic solvents. By using this property of k-carrageenan, the immobilization of enzymes and microbial cells was investigated. Several kinds of enzymes and microbial cells were easily immobilized with high enzyme activities. Immobilized preparations were easily tailor-made to various shape such as cube, bead, and membrane. The obtained immobilized preparations were stable, and columns packed with them were used for continuous enzyme reaction for a long period. Their operational stabilities were enhanced by hardening with glutaraldehyde and hexamethylenediamine.

Production of cyclosporin a by carrageenan-immobilized tolypocladium inflatum in an airlift reactor with external loop

“…A high electrolyte concentration was used to maintain carrageenan bead stability (Tosa et al, 1979) and to effectively reduce bubble coalescence immediately following the bubble formation (Volgt and Schugerl, 1979) by reducing the mean bubble size.…”

Yeast‐Mediated Stereoselective Synthesis

“…Calcium alginate [345][346][347] as well as κ-carrageenan [348][349][350] has been used for immobilizing baker's yeast, and a sodium alginate/calcium chloride-immobilized baker's yeast has been used during the synthesis of d-and l-armentomycin [351]. This system has also been used for the reduction of several β-keto esters [352], and the antiselectivity as well as the yields was improved compared to reductions using classical conditions [217,[353][354][355].…”

Glutamine replenishment and ammonia removal in hybridoma cell cultures via immobilized glutamine synthetase

“…Enzyme is often added to soluble carrageenan solution and then extruded drop-wise into a hardening solution to form semi-rigid, enzyme-entrapping beads. Greater rigidity can be provided by treatment of the beads with other hardening reagents such as glutaraldehyde and hexamethylenediamine (Tosa et al, 1979).…”